Earth Is Being Harmed by Human Activity

Some people believe that the earth is being harmed by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the earth a better place to live in. What is your opinion ? First, human activity causes many kinds of animals and plants to disaster. Today many species of living beings died or near died out. We only can see some animals in the zoo because in nature they have disappeared. Human beings have been using their brains and machines to remake nature for many thousands of years.We use the habitats of animals and plant. We eat their food and eat them as food, because animals and plants cannot grow fast to satisfy human beings, we cannot see them today. If some animals are delicious, we eat them. No animals can copy with human beings. Secondly, human beings cause pollution to the Earth. I remember when I was young; I drank water from the river and stream. Today, we can only drink bottled water bought from the market, because natural water is polluted by human activities.Air in some cou ntries is polluted very badly, so many people died of lung cancer. I saw some reports that say in London people could not see each other clearly in a short distance in the morning because of smoke and fog. Finally, population on the Earth exacerbate rapidly. Human beings need more food and shelters because of increased population. More food and houses mean more needs from the Earth. Thus people need to cut more trees to build houses.People need to plant more vegetables and feed more cattle, so they demand more lands from the nature. Thus people are destroying more forests and natural lands. The living beings are losing their habitats. Take into account of all factors I think the earth is being harmed by human activity. Today we cannot breathe fresh air and dink natural water. We have not enough places to live. We worry about our heath because of pollution.

Process Medicare Essay

To start off this paper will discuss the process of a policy in Medicaid and how it becomes a policy. Medicaid Policies are always being reviewed and analyzed in order to help improve the American health care system. Each policy does and has the ability to affect us on a daily basis, so when policies are being put up for consideration we all have to be very careful when trying to change or implement a new or old policy. It is very important to have all involved understand the process of how a topic of a policy eventually does become a policy. This paper will explain all the stages that a policy goes thorough in order to become a policy, there are three stages; formulation stage, legislative stage, and lastly the implementation stage. There will be information given on all of these three stages and there process. The Formulation Stage First thing in the formulation stage any health research policy should be formulated then conform to an overall national development plan in order to become a policy. There are different stages with in the formulation stage that a policy has to go through in order to move on to the next stage. Frist is the organizing the policy development process, then defining the issues, setting goals and objectives, setting the priorities, drafting options, apprising the options, circulating for staff review and then revising the policy. Next there is the obtaining of the endorsement of the policy. Once it is endorsed and approved it can move on to the next stage of the policy process. Policy formulation is an iterative process that involves almost components of the cycle of planning for a policy. The main individuals that should be involved in the formulation stage of the policy process are the health/medical research counsels, they have are in collaboration with the ministry of health, ministry of science and technology, and a university consortium may be needed for a focal group. If a focal group is used then ideally they should be located in an area that has the influences politically and that are administratively strong. Also there should be a department nearby that is logistically capable of managing the process, and a department that had the ability to take the end policy results and be able to appropriately implement it. With all these aspects of the formulation stage there should be no issues in getting the policy process to the next stage and off the ground and running. (Teaching and Learning Materials 1997) Medicaid Legislative Stage In the legislative stage the process of getting a policy or in politics they call it a law and there is a federal process that it goes through, there are several steps to this federal process. When a policy or law makes it to the legislative part of the process the policy or law is numbered then the Human Resources signifies to the House bill and the Senate bill then it gets referred to a committee then printed by the government printing office. This is the first step in the legislative process Referral to Committee then it is brought to the next step called Committee Action when the policy reaches this point it is then put on a calendar, then it is processed and introduced. It is then investigated for the need of new legislation and the committee then oversees the Executive Branch but only with the committee’s areas of jurisdiction. When the policy is here committees and subcommittees are the people that make the decisions about and what content and language the policy will contain. After the committee investigated there is a publication of a written report this report explains the impact the policy will have on any existing policies or laws, then the policy goes into the next step called scheduling floor action. In this part of the process the policy is then reported back to the chamber where it first came from and placed on a calendar, and then the speaker and majority leader determine what when the order of the polices will be heard and discussed. Once it gets heard then it is up for debate on whether it should pass or be thrown out, this is the next step in the legislative process. Once it is discussed and determined that is too move on then the policy is put up for a vote this is a really simple process majority wins and the policy if passed will be then referred to other chambers. This chamber may then approve, at it is or they can revise, reject, or not take action at all on the policy. If approved it goes on to the what is called the final floor action this is when both the senate and the house have to accept and sign the policy then it is taken up to the Executive level to be signed by the president. Then it is sent to the president for his or her approval if he or she signs it right away it becomes a set policy but he or she has ten days to take action if he or she does nothing while the congress is in session then it becomes a set policy without signing it. Leirman, T. Tometz, A. (1998) Medicaid Implementation Stage This is the stage where the policy is then acted up on and put into place and set for all to follow and start using and upholding as part of the companies laws so to speak. It is like starting to put the policy into play and abide by what it stands for. It is like working a t a factory and there are many jobs on an assembly line and there are new jobs added to the line there is a trial and errir period that goes along with the implementation stage to weed out and fix any issues that may occur before the policy or job is put into place on a full time basis. Congress also jas to mandate and evaluate the effectiveness of the new policy as well to make sure that it will work like the projections and plans set it up to work. For example the implementation of what is called SCHIP on the state of Illinois where I am from, when they put this program into play not just in Illinois but five other states have reported that they have also developed new programs or also improved existing policies that improves the availability, affordability, and the quality of health care that is delivered. Since then as well there have been many other changes since the implementation of this program this also either directly or indirectly also effects the availability and affordability of health care for the future for the good not that bad which is always a good thing. Background for the Report to Congress (March 2003) In conclusion policies are always and constantly being looked at considered and reviewed to be able to improve the quality of our health care on a daily basis. Also to improve the quality of the American Health Care System, because each policy that is introduced and considered has the potential and may have an adverse effect to each one of us on a daily type basis, so when a policy is considered and brought to the table we all have to make sure that it is reviewed very carefully to ensure that its benefits out weight its drawbacks that it may have, it also has to ensure that it is being considered too that new policies will always help the population as a whole and not just for certain individuals. It is very important to have a complete understanding of how the process of a topic eventually does become a policy and how the policy is to be played out and used to its full potential in order for it not to fail.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay

The term GM (genetically modified) food has gained controversy in the last few years, but in the first place we have to understand what GM food is and how it works, the term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is used when we refer to crop plants using different molecular biology techniques or methods to change their properties, such as to enhance their resistance to herbicides, improve nutritional content, and other properties. This seems great, but why there are people who disapprove the development and consumption of GM foods? Modifying plant genetics can have many benefits, because of the use of precise and accurate molecular techniques, the main difference between traditional breeding techniques which are not so accurate and need more time to develop, are the molecular methods that are used to modify plants. Genetic engineering can change plants genes in a short time, for example taking out a plant gene that gives low temperature resistance to the plant and insert it into another plant. The uses and varieties we can achieve are immense and can end with great results. â€Å"The world population has topped 7. 5 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. GM foods promise to meet this need in a number of ways† (B. Whitman, 2000). The most common uses of genetic engineering in plants are herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, cold tolerance, drought & salinity resistance, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, etc. It could help even to stop malnutrition and in some years to reduce world food shortage, because the possibilities are wide. Why do people not approve of the use and consumption of these products? â€Å"Environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, professional associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for pursuing profit without concern for potential hazards, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight†. (B. Whitman, 2000). The principal reasons people disapprove GM foods are given in three main oppositions are separated into three categories, and they should not be concealed , first of all the environmental hazards as harming other organisms, reducing pesticides or herbicides effects and wrong targeting in genetic transfer (wrong species); also the human health stability and the risks genetically modifications and engineering can cause and finally the economic implications of the development and studies GM foods require. Currently, science is fastly evolving and the entire world is part of it and has to decide about changes. This is a subject we cannot be shelved. The problems GM foods may cause needs to be solved and improve constantly, because we are currently looking for solutions to the future and this may be one of them. So the challenges need to be solved and overpassed, with the required caution of avoiding damage to humans and environments, but it is clear we cannot ignore this enormous and potential technology â€Å"Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. † (SC-S. SI) Sources ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES. (1995, August). Genetically Modified Foods . Retrieved Noviembre 2013, from Safety Issues: http://pubs. acs. org/doi/pdfplus/10. 1021/bk-1995-0605. fw001 B. Whitman, D. (2000, April). Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? Retrieved November 2013, from http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php SC-S. SI. (n. d. ). GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOOD †¦ Is It Safe to Eat? Retrieved November 20, 2013, from http://www. sc-s. si/blog/wp-content/gm-foods-zp. pdf.

Public Health Care challenges with budget costs Essay

Public Health Care challenges with budget costs - Essay Example Most of the objectives of public health are difficult to meet due to insufficient funding. It is worth noting that the health of a community is dependent on an association formed between the public health sector and the curative sector. Over emphasis on one sector at the expense of the other pauses a major challenge. Public health is a wide field that covers numerous types of diseases. Public health services and activities not only cover prevention of communicable diseases but also lifestyle diseases. Several methods are used to achieve these goals. These methods include education, prevention modes such as vaccination and dietary methods, control of existing cases to reduce infection and elimination of the causative agents. All these activities require a thorough undertaking that requires numerous financial resources. The majority of public health administrators and personnel are unable to achieve their goals and objectives due to insufficient funding of the public health sector. In the United States, only three percent of the national spending goes towards public health services. This situation prevails in most countries worldwide despite the numerous complaints by the public health sector. Some of the factors that make it hard for the sector to source fund from governments include issues such as over emphasis on curative medicine as this appears to have more physical or case evidence. Another challenge in the public health sector in the funding process is that many countries are experiencing challenges balancing their budgets. It is a major challenge in the third world countries that do not have sufficient resources to spend as much as they would want to in the public health sectors. This strain is not only a challenge in the third world and developing nations but also in developed countries. For instance, the US is struggling to cover the deficit that has now stretched over the recent

Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Research Paper

Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents - Research Paper Example Gender identity disorders are often neglected by the parents and even by some doctors. In some cases, the pediatrician may advise the parents that the gender identity problems may vanish at some point of time and nothing to worry in that. It is a totally wrong conception. Like all the other physical and psychological problems gender identity disorders also should be treated. Some of the common symptoms of gender identity problems are cross dressing, cross gender play lack of same sex friends etc. In other words, a boy with gender identity problem may like dress like females whereas a girl with gender identity problem might dress like boys. Same way the boy with gender identity problem might play with girls and he likes the company of the girls very much. On the other hand, the girls with the above problem may play with boys and will try to make more friends from the boy community. In most of the cases, the children or adolescents with gender identity problem might have the realization that they are actually boys or girls and their desire to achieve the company of the opposite sex is not a socially accepted thing. Because of the clashes between their psychological need and social need, children with gender identity problem might be unhappy and depressed. If they engage in homosexual activity as adolescents, they are more likely than boys who do not to be involved in drug and alcohol abuse or prostitution; to attempt suicide; or to contract a sexually transmitted disease, such as HIV/AIDS.

Social Learning Theory Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Social Learning Theory Research Project - Essay Example The perception of the benefits of the mentoring experience is not a purely quantitative measure, because it measures emotion and feelings , therefore verbal measures are likely to provide the best results. Data Collection: The data collection method I propose to use is a Likert style AIM questionnaire which will have several variables measuring verbal responses in numerical values in the range of 1 to 3, each response signifying a particular level of response. I propose to get these survey questionnaires completed by the students after they have been exposed to the demonstration on the art project. The numerical values collected can then be subjected to statistical analysis to determine results. Threats to validity that are inherent in my design are history, testing, selection and experimenter bias. I propose to address these by matching subjects so that maximum homogeneity is introduced, using random sampling to address selection validity, using control and experimental groups and undertaking of this study on a blind bind basis, without prejudice or bias about the results. I will also perform regression analyses on the results obtained in order to eliminate outliner

Tourism and national econmic growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism and national econmic growth - Essay Example One of the well known examples in tourism driven LED seen in South Africa has been the small resort named Still Bay. It has a definite tourist footfall (Binns and Nel 240). The article addresses the environmental concerns too. For example, in Kenya’s Maasai Mara National Park and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania, heavy demand for firewood to be used in cooking and heating had severely reduced many small riverine forests (Binns and Nel 237). The article â€Å"Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa† focuses on how the socio- environmental resources are being utilized to promote local economic development (LED) which in turn leads to national development. The article highlights the initiatives taken by the government to promote tourism as a means to bring about economic development in the country. It mentions the increase in number of the foreign tourist visits from 1994-2002 which in turn boosted the nations GDP. This article helps in understa nding how the unexplored locales in a country can be turned as hot spots for vacation. The article explains different ways for attracting tourists. It throws light on the different environmental issues that arises because of these plans. B. Travel & Tourism to boost UK economy in 2012, October 4, 2010 The website article shows the economic condition in UK and the growth in its tourism industry. The economic condition in the country has been seeing a downslide ever since the onset of the anticipated depression. So, the market has turned toward the travel and tourism industry to boost its economy. According to the article, the tourism industry would increase by 1.3% in 2012 that would be twice the rate of growth which was predicted to be only 0.6% as per the International Monetary Fund. This rate of growth will indicate that the Travel & Tourism industry would be generating revenue of ?35.6 billion and create almost 950,000 jobs within the British economy. During 2012 it is expected t hat around 30 million visitors would be coming to the UK, as reports had shown the country to maintain a good position in being a most-visited destination. In 2011, the total economic contribution from Travel & Tourism amounted to US$6.3 trillion in GDP thus creating 255 million jobs. This contribution had represented 9% of the total GDP, ranking 1 in 12 jobs (Travel & Tourism to boost UK economy in 2012). The website highlights the predicted increase in the number of international visitors in the country. It also showed the number of jobs that would be generated out of the tourism industry. The article presents a comparison between the number of visitors and the jobs created out of the tourism industry between 2011 and 2012. It shows how the industry had contributed US $6.3 trillion in GDP during the year 2011 thus drawing to the conclusion that there is tremendous opportunity to gain economic growth from the tourism industry. C. Roy, Jose, Kenya Packages Tourism as a Key Source of Economic Growth. 2010. October 4, 2010 The article in the news

Enforcing Arbitration Agreements and Awards for non-signatories in Essay

Enforcing Arbitration Agreements and Awards for non-signatories in International Commercial Arbitration - Law - Essay Example However, the main focus of comparison of information used in and throughout this report will proceed to brake down and give actual facts of participation, pertaining mainly to non-signatories when they become involved or as in many instances avoid involvement altogether tying in the obstacles and many challenges that simultaneously includes themselves during International Commercial Arbitration for non-signatory issues. Showing how joining non-signatories to arbitration in each new development so as to keep down increased incidence of unfair practices during separation and illegal usage of power and authority cornering judgments and official decrees of agreements. Non-signatories arbitration rights which have been in connection to International Commercial arbitration during past mediation matters are relatively rare occurrences, but in recent times it has become quite common place for most companies to use a more standard form of arbitration being a simplified formation that does cre ate a more legally fit system for up to date court rules that has compelled non-signatories to choose to avoid involvement altogether. ... he arbitration clause have one element in common: namely the element that justice would not seem to be done.’ Pepperdine Dispute Resolution, Law Journal, 2004: p.469 Arbitral Commencement During a commencement of functional arbitral duties, the arbitral community seeks to show that arbitration is a mediated dispute that works to settle up a resolution of choice between to parties that have some sort of binding contract between each other. These issues are usually quite complex, especially when dealing with a multi-party that have multi-contracts which have become all tangled in a dispute of some sort. This is particularly a most challenging position for an arbitration committee to be involved in. However, there are differences that make the handling of a domestic dispute a little harder than when dealing with an international issue that have been in a working process of business with each other. The courts of the Untied States will usually seek to handle the laws in awarding t he judgments toward each of the respective parties. Although this is a usual occurrence, it does not always happen this way when dealing with foreign disputes. In these cases there are special convention laws that have been set in place to handle such situations in a specific manner. First let’s get a better feel for what the statement word of convention means when dealing with business arbitration. A convention is a formal agreement between nations. It used when there is a specific law or ordinance that is used to set in place the rules of engagement being in business, war, or any issue that deals in a binding agreement between nations. These types of conventions will govern with authority the do’s the don’ts and all the consequences that follow disobedience. Now, there is one particular

Culture icon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture icon - Essay Example This is especially true with John and Paul who wrote some of the most widely-known songs ever. John, on his own, can be best remembered in his song entitled ‘Imagine’ with its very familiar lyrics and melody. His influence was not limited to the world of music. He also became very outspoken about many aspects of his beliefs. These things are reflected in his songs. John Lennon was an advocate of peace and he was against the Vietnam War where soldiers get killed every day. The Hippies who were popular in the 1960s considered him as being one of them and this acceptable to him. He became, by choice or not, a political figure. Then, his abrupt death when he was assassinated only added to the idealism that was regarded on his life. â€Å"If nothing else, John Lennon’s death clearly marked a shift from the imagery of stardom to that of heroism† (Mà ¤kelà ¤ 211). His songs and words remained to be very influential. His beliefs on love and the importance of peace remained to be relevant even to this day. These are the things that make John Lennon a cultural

Drum Dance Essay Example for Free

Drum Dance Essay As seems to be common to many indigenous tribes, both the Saux and the Samoans led a spiritually-based life, which involved paying homage to a higher being. The Saux consistently sought guidance from the creator in how to live. In a similar way, the Samoans consulted wizards who practiced magical arts. Ceremonies formed an important part of tribal life. The aim was to honor their gods. For both the Saux and the Samoans, these often assumed the form of clan feasts, namings, adoptions, and burials. The Saux had major thanksgiving festivals a couple of times a year. These were to celebrate the start of the spring season and then again to celebrate the fertility of the land in summer after the harvest. Like the Saux, Samoans celebrated the New Year offerings, which is the principal feast of the year which honors their primary god, Tangaloa-fua. In recent times, new religious practices such as the Drum Dance have been added to the rich tapestry of Saux tradition. Dance has always dominated Samoan celebrations especially at weddings. Dance today, for both the Saux and the Samoans has changed hardly at all in its form and its meaning. Inherent in the flex of the hand and the turn of the foot, is the transferred and accumulated knowledge handed down from their ancestors. Further back in time, Samoans believed in demoniacal possession. Samoan wizards used charms to drive evil spirits out of the bodies of those possessed by them. Like the Samoans, the Saux had their own shamans that the tribe referred to in matters of possession, and whom they sought supernatural advice from when they needed guidance. Whilst we know that languages exist in linguistic families which we can use to trace their origins, both the Saux and the Samoans attribute more to language than simply words that they’ve always spoken. According to Saux tradition, their language contained all the accumulated knowledge of their ancestors. Similarly, Samoan wizards often claimed that they were speaking under the influence of a spirit. Language was a powerful medium when interpreted by Saux shaman or Samoan wizards. Animals and images of nature featured strongly in both Saux and Samoan religious life. The Saux believed that every person and animal had a ‘manito’ or guardian spirit. Samoans preferred to wear their beliefs and links to nature on their bodies. Tattooing has a long tradition in Samoan culture. Most of the motifs were of animal origin as there were considered sacred by different families. From a young age, Saux boys were taught to fast and keep holy vigils to bring their souls closer to the Great Spirit. Once they had proved themselves worthy, their ‘manito’ or guardian spirit would be revealed. Proving one self was also an important to Samoans. Seven-day long fires would be kept burning to celebrate a man who had proved himself in battle. This was done for anyone who made himself illustrious in battle. Both the Saux and the Samoans believed in the power of sacred objects. Once the guardian spirit was revealed to Saux boys, they could begin collecting sacred things to be kept in a bag around their necks. Similarly, Samoan wizards could invoke curses. By invoking O le tangata fai tui, they could curse an object of hatred or dread, and use enchantments against it. References Native Languages of the Americas. (2009). A Sauk Legend. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Native Language of the Americas website : http://www. native-languages. org/saukstory. htm New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. (2008). Myths and Legends of Ancient Samoa. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Victoria University of Auckland website: http://www. nzetc. org/tm/scholarly/tei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d48.html Native Languages of the Americas. (2009). Native Americans Sac and Fox Culture and History. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Native Language of the Americas website: http://www. native-languages. org/sac-fox. htm Scribd. (n. d). Samoan customs, Analogous to those of the Israelites. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Scribd website: http://www. scribd. com/doc/3086235/samoan-customs-analogous-to-those-of-the-israelites Sultzman, Lee. (1999). Sauk and Fox History. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from http://www. tolatsga. org/sf. html

Physiological Benefits Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay

Physiological Benefits Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay Introduction Over the past 25 years, the UK has seen an increase in individuals aged 65 yrs and over. In 2009, it was reported by the Office of National Statistics (2010) that the population aged 65 and over increased from 15% in 1984 to 16% in 2009, which is an increase of 1.7 million people. They predict that by year 2034 23% of the population is projected to be aged 65 and over compared to 18% aged 16 and under. The fact that people are living longer is associated with healthy active living, over the past 10 years health has steadily improved (ONS, 2004). It is reported that older adults who are physically active report a greater satisfaction in life (Weinberg Gould, 2007) this is due to retaining mobility and keeping their quality of life and independence (Chaudhury Shelton, 2010). In 2008, the Department of Health (2010) reported that 39% of men and 29% of women aged 16 and over met the governments recommendations for physical activity, this was compared with 32% of men and 21% of women in 1997. However, evidence suggests that with an increase of age there is a decrease in levels of physical activity regardless of the well publicised benefits of the association with good health and well being (Berger, Der, Mutrie Hannah, 2005). Retirement can be a key time to focus on physical activity and well being. It is a time where people can review many areas of their life, including their health. People make preparations for retirement in different ways but research shows that very little preparations are made for health promoting physical activity (Chaudhury Shelton, 2010). As the older adult population is rising, maintaining a healthy life is a growing public concern (Acree, 2006) in year 2002, physical inactivity was reported to cost  £8.2 billion a year (NHS, 2008). A recent study by Chaudhury Shelton (2010) formed the basis of this study, the paper explains the data analysis from the Health Survey for England (HSfE) in 2006 and 2007 which focused on physical activity participation amongst 60 to 69 year olds and knowledge of the physical participation requirement. The study highlighted that older adults had unrealistic views of their perceived activity levels and reported that there was a lack of knowledge regarding the recommended physical activity guidelines. They examined the perceived barriers to physical activity participation and reported that barriers such as work and lack of time prevented them taking part in exercise. From the study they concluded that there needs to be more focus on health promotion and education particularly in the over sixties. In order to promote healthy living firstly, we need to understand why physical activity decreases with age. The purpose of this study is to explore the attitudes and behaviours towards physic al activity with particular focus on 60- 69 year old. A qualitative study will provide the basis of this study. Qualitative methods offer the opportunity to explore an individuals experiences, perceptions, motives and barriers to physical activity (Thomas, Nelson Silverman, 2005). In addition, this study will review other studies which have been carried out associated with physical activity around retirement. Aim The aim of this study is to explore the attitudes and behaviours towards physical activity in people aged 60 69 years focusing on continuity and change around the time of retirement. Objectives 1. To explore knowledge of physical activity recommendations and attitudes to participation 2. To research continuity and change in levels of physical activity at retirement 3. To describe perceptions of sufficiency of own physical activity behaviour 4. Explore the perceived barriers to meeting governments recommended levels of physical activity, before and after retirement. Analysis from the data obtained from the interviews can be used to provide recommendations towards improving the transition to retirement in terms of achieving health promoting physical activity levels. Limitations There are limitations regarding the sample size and reliability of the information. The sample size was small and levels of activity were what participants perceived as being enough exercise however despite this the literature was consistent with our findings. Literature Review Physiological benefits of Physical Activity According to World Health Organisation (2010) globally, physical inactivity contributes to 1.9 million deaths per year and is currently the fourth leading risk factor for all deaths. It has been well publicised that regular physical activity has a huge influence on promoting good health and psychological well being and is associated with the reduction of risk factors for chronic health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity (Martinez del Castillo et al, 1997; Sjogren Stjernberg, 2010). Physical activity can be defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level (WHO, 2010) and has a range of health benefits which can be achieved through sport and exercise or activities such as walking, cycling, gardening and housework (Department of Health, 2010). Although the aging process is vulnerable to a wide range of conditions such as hypertension, back pain, osteoporosis and some ca ncers studies have shown that physical activity can reduce these and can increase life expectancy and improve bone and muscle strength (Berger et al, 2005). Stewart et al (2003) examined a group of older sedentary adults and reported that physical activity was evidently associated with a reduction of bodily pain and that small amounts of regular physical activity was associated with better quality of life. King et al, (2000) studied physical activity and physical functioning in 103 adults aged 65 yrs and over using moderate-intensity endurance and strengthening exercises and stretching and flexibility exercises. The study reported significant improvements to quality of life and mobility. Research supports the theory that exercise enhances quality of life (QOL). Berger (2009) explains that QOL is a broad construct that reflects a persons perception of his or her own position in life in relation to personal goals, standards, and expectations within the context of culture and value sys tems in which the individual lives. Therefore the relationship between exercise and QOL may be influenced by an individuals own perceptions and values. Chaudhury and Shelton (2010) explain that by maintaining independent living is the key. Improving balance and co ordination can help prevent injury from trips or falls. Cassell (2002) recommended physical activity to be the best treatment for aging. Psychological Factors and Physical activity Brassington et al (2002) explains that the strongest determinant for physical activity participation for older adults is self efficacy or confidence. If a person enjoys what they are doing they are more likely to participate in it. Physical activity can be encouraged by many factors and older adults tend to look at physical activity as how it is going to benefit them. For example if I exercise I will lose weight or if I exercise and remain fit I will be able to play with the grand children. There are many theories which can be applied to health behaviours which we will look at later on in this paper. Participation is preserved through enjoyment and social support from friends and family. One study (Cooper Thomas, 2002) used ballroom dancing as a way of keeping fit and were physically challenged by using different styles of dancing to suit the persons skills. Dancing encouraged social networks which supported participation across major life events such as loss of a spouse or friend t hrough support from other dancers .Having a social network or living with a partner has found to have a positive influence on physical activity participation (Bruce, 2002). Regular exercise can help preserve independence (Sparling et al, 2000) it can increase feeling of self worth, increase self efficacy and reduce feelings of feeling reliant family members (Chaudhury Shelton, 2010). Research suggests that the health benefits of physical activity and exercise are now well established. In 2010 the World Health Organisation reported that by 2020 depression will follow cardiovascular disease as the worlds leading cause of death and disability. Psychological disorders such as depression are commonly treated by medication or by taking part in therapy sessions however, more people are now looking at physical activity as a way of dealing with feelings of depression (Weinberg Gould, 2007). Barriers to Physical Activity The benefit and the barriers to physical activity are significant for behaviour change and its important that in order to increase participation that we understanding the barriers that older adults face. The Health Survey for England (2008) reported that 41% of men and 43% of women reported lack of time as the main barrier to exercise many older people may have caring responsibilities or may be involved in voluntary work and use lack of time for a reason not to exercise (BHF, 2010). Barriers can be classified into two groups these are intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic barriers are based on an individuals belief, previous experience or self efficacy. Brassington et al (2002) explains that the strongest determinant for physical activity participation for older adults is self efficacy or confidence. Many older adults have the fear of not been able to keep up with the class or not wanting to attend the class alone. They may be conscious of their body image and fear for lack of changing f acilities. Extrinsic barriers refer to the environment for example; concerns for safety older adults may be concerned about slippery pool side surfaces, ageism, or skills of teachers (BHF, 2010). Overcoming these barriers is paramount in promoting health and independence and by taking part in regular physical activity will in turn help prevent ill health and disability. Those who understand the benefits to exercise will have fewer barriers than those who are not aware of the benefits to physical activity and those who have several barriers will have low perceived benefits. It is important that people are educated of the benefits to physical activity. Socio-economic status and physical activity Research has looked at how physical activity can be influenced, factors that have been found to be most significant amongst older adults include education, social class, participation earlier in life, social support and opportunity factors (Bird, 2009). Martinez del Castillo et al, (2005) examined the participation rates of physical activity between social classes and reported that there was a positive relationship between social classes. The results found that the percentage of those physically active were Upper class =38.2%, middle class =18.5%, lower class= 9.7%. The relationship was found with their present income; those who had adequate income participated in physical activity and those that didnt did not want to participate. Overall, the lower the social status the less old adult participation in physical activity. Those who had encouragement from a partner or a social network who wanted to take part in physical activity took part. This is not to say that people from lower cla sses would be exempt but local opportunities and encouragement may contribute to leading healthy lifestyle (Martinez del Castillo et al, 2005). Lower classes do not always get the same opportunities, the higher someones socio economic status the greater the opportunities (Berger et al, 2005). Those amongst lower socio economic groups, health has always been an issue and suggests education and health promotion focusing on low income communities (Peterson et al, 2006). The Whitehall study (2004) of British Civil Servants explored the relationship between work, retirement and physical activity. They found that different occupational grades affected health. Those in a lower employment grade had a higher mortality rate compared to those in higher grades. Physical activity was least regular with those working full time compared to those working part time or not at all. This would suggest that those working part time or not at all would have more time to exercise. Interestingly, after reti rement those who worked full time were found not to increase their levels of activity however, those who worked part time or not at all did. The frequency of physical activity amongst the different occupational grades was found to be higher with more sport and gardening done by higher occupational grades (Mein et al, 2005). Sjogren Stjernberg (2010) found that having access to areas for country walks, parks and recreational centres are the most important factors for influencing outdoor activity. Education is an important predictor of older adult physical activity; women with a low level of education compared to women with a higher level, those with a higher level were more likely to take part in physical activity. Mortality rates are lower amongst those who become physically active later in life compared to those who may have been active earlier in life but now have a sedentary lifestyle (Sjogren Stjernberg, 2010). Arguably, Berger et al, (2005) reported that education, car and de privation were not strong predictors of whether someone regularly takes part in physical activity instead other lifestyle factors such as not smoking and healthy diet were strong predictors. Continuity and Change Continuity and change plays an important role in the transition to retirement, whilst retirement is seen as a time of leisure, studies have shown that only a small amount of people make changes to their leisure activities after retirement (Nimrod, 2007). Atchley (1989) explains that the Continuity Theory is considered a key feature of post retirement leisure, the theory holds that, in making adaptive choices, middle-aged and older adults attempt to preserve and maintain existing internal and external structures; and they prefer to accomplish this objective by using strategies tied to their past experiences of themselves and their social world. Change is linked to the persons perceived past, producing continuity in inner psychological characteristics as well as in social behaviour and in social circumstances. Continuity is thus a grand adaptive strategy that is promoted by both individual preference and social approval. In recent study Nimrod (2007), explored the adaptation process to retirement, particularly changes in behaviour and the psychological benefits. The study involved examining four different groups of people (1) expanders-those who report participation in a greater amount of activities at a higher frequency, (2) reducers-those who reported participation in the same or in fewer activities at the same or at a lower frequency, (3) concentrators-those who report participation in the same, or in fewer activities, but at a higher frequency, and (4) diffusers-people who report participation in a larger number of activities but at the same or at a lower frequency. Interviews were carried out using four different questionnaires. Their finding supported the Continuity Theory that people did not tend to engage in any new leisure activities after retirement they simply spent more time participating in the activities they were involved in pre retirement. Participation in activities in early life promotes participation later in life (Martinez del Castillo et al, 2005). Government guidelines and initiatives The recommendation for how much physical activity is required has changed over the years (Berger et al, 2005). The Chief Medical Officer for England set a target that by 2020 70% of the UK population will be reasonably active (Allender, Cowburn Foster, 2006). The current recommendation for physical activity is at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity activity, 5 days per week to improve health and quality of life, this can be built up in bouts of 10 minutes or more (Berger et al, 2005; Allender et al, 2006; Berger, 2009; WHO, 2010). Moderate intensity could include activities such as gardening, swimming, house work or home improvements, the intensity should correspond to that of a brisk walk (Berger et al, 2005; NHS, 2010). Short bouts of exercise are more tolerable and more enjoyable than long or high intensity exercise (Wilson, Yilla Soloman, 2001). The issue is not being able to get people to exercise it is encouraging people to adhere to exercise (Byrne Byrne, 1993). In a rep ort by the Department of Health (2001) the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended a programme for patients suffering from depression using structured, supervised exercise, three times a week for 45 minutes to 1 hour for 10 to 12 weeks. The programmes were rolled out through exercise referral schemes. In 2006 NICE reviewed the scheme and found that there was insufficient evidence. This was due to patients not maintaining the physical activity they had been prescribed as they found leisure facilities and gyms intimidating and adherence levels dropped. If patients are to adhere to exercise long term it needs to be an activity that they enjoy. National and local policies aim to promote independence and mobility, prevent ill health disease and disability and prevent accidents amongst older people. The following government initiatives are currently available; Free swimming for the over sixties Lets get moving Physical activity care pathway programme. Chief medical officer report at least 5 per day Choosing physical activity an action plan Heidelberg guidelines for promoting physical activity amongst older people Sport England Sport playing its part Policy on sustainable walking Policy on sustainable cycling The government is always looking for ways to promote physical activity. Theories are used in assisting with promoting health behaviours. Transtheoretical Theory and Physical Activity Over the years there has been an increasing need for more theory driven research in health behaviour change. There have been many theories developed to help understand changes to health behaiviour for example The Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977) and the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska DiClemente, 1984) which is one of the most widely adopted models in health promotion. The components of the Transtheoretical Model that have been applied to exercise are stage of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation to not exercise. Stage of change refers to a persons readiness to engage in regular exercise. Pre contemplation is the stage where someone does not take part in any physical activity and is not planning to start within the next 6 months. Thee contemplation stage is where someone is considering taking part in physical activity within the next 6 months, someone may stay in the contemplation stage as long as 2 years but may never move from thi s stage. Someone in the preparation stage may have already started to exercise but nothing regular but they have taken the first steps to start. The Action stage describes someone who has been exercing for less than 6 months. This is the most unreliable stage and there is a possibility of relapse. The Maintenance stage describes someone who has been exercising for 6 months or more. It is likely that once reaching this stage that someone will continue to exercise and it becomes part of their daily routine. It is important to identify what stage a person is at before putting strategies in place to promote physical activity (Sparling, 2000). The Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977) Methodology To meet the aims and objectives of this study, qualitative research methods were used to obtain information. Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomenon in terms of the meanings people bring to them. It involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials (e.g., life story, interviews, etc.) that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals lives (Denzin Lincoln, 1998). Qualitative methods aim to explore and individuals experiences, perceptions, motives and barriers (Thomas Nelson, 1996). It is inductive which enables a theory to be developed following the collection of the data. There are three different types of interviews Structured; usually with a structured questionnaire, Semi structured; Open ended questions, and un-structured; Questions are based on what the interviewee says (Britten, 1995). For the purpose of this study a face to face semi-structured interview was conducted in November 2011 and took place at the respondents homes situated in the North West England. The study was based 2 female retirees aged between 60yrs and 69yrs who retired during the past five years. Open questions were asked during the interview regarding: Previous occupation(s), leisure time activities, reasons for retirement, knowledge of physical activity and participation in physical activity. Interviews lasted between 30 and 45 minutes. Interviews were arranged by telephone. 15 women were asked if they would consider participating in the study. 2 women volunteered. Interviews were arranged at a time convenient for the participants. They were advised that no costs would be involved and were notified that the benefits for taking part in the study were that they will receive information relating to physical activity and details of the current government recommended guidelines. Sampling Criteria Consideration was applied as to who could be purposively selected for this study. Participants were recruited from a local womens group. The inclusion criteria were they should be aged between 60 69 years, working to retirement or retired within the last 5 years. Exclusion criteria included; history of psychiatric illness including depression, history of neurological illness or history of heart disease. Interviews were arranged by telephone. 15 women were asked if they would consider participating in the study. 2 women volunteered. Interviews were arranged at a time convenient for the participants. They were advised that no costs would be involved and were notified that the benefits for taking part in the study were that they will receive information relating to physical activity and details of the current government recommended guidelines. Ethical Issues Prior to this research commencing ethical approval was obtained by the University. An information sheet and a consent form was prepared and handed to the participants 24 hours prior to the interview. This enabled the participants to ask questions and to give consent prior to the interviews commencing. Participants were advised that interviews would be recorded and that all information from the interview would be kept confidential. They were free to withdraw from the study without reason at any time and that any data would be destroyed. Data Analysis Following the interview the interviews were transcribed Results and Discussion In general, both participants considered themselves to be physically active whilst at work. P1and P2 had occupations within a shop setting where they did alot of lifting and carrying. P1 worked in a florist and P2 in a supermarket both participants explained that they enjoyed their jobs but as they became older they found it difficult to be as active at work as much as they had been. P1 explains; .ill health caused me to say enough is enough because I was working 16 / 17 hours per day because we were so busy. P2 explains; .I did a lot of lifting in my job that is one of the reasons why I came off the job, I had to do a lot of kneeling, it was causing me a lot of pain on my knees. Both participants explained that they still wanted to be active but natural ageing caused them to slow down. P2 expanded on this and went onto say that in the 8 years building up to retirement she helped out in a childrens nursery, helping wash up, answering the door. After retiring from the florist she still felt that she needed to keep busy. Whilst being active in the workplace I how far participants lived away from their work and how they used to get there. P1 explained that although she only lived 5 minutes away she would drive to work. This was because she would start at 4am by attending the markets to buy the flowers for the shop and generally would not finish until 6 or 7 o clock in the evening. Deliveries would also need to be done during the day so she needed the car. P2 also drove to work however she would sometimes walk depending on the time of the shift. P2 explained that if it was evening she would definitely drive. When asked the reasons for walking whether it was to en able her to keep fit. P2 explained that it never crossed her mind that it was exercise and that it was doing good, she did it because she fancied a walk and wanted some fresh air. Their understanding of sport and physical activity was fairly accurate. It was explained that sport was something that you took part in, went out and played. Where physical activity was explained as a hobby something that was pleasurable. Physical activity does not have to be competitive. Many studies only examine leisure activities, its important that if we are to encourage healthy living that Simple housework, home improvements or going for a brisk walk are included in the daily accumulation of physical activity. When asked about what leisure activities they participated in before they retired P1 explained; I cant say I had a lot of time when I came home from the shop, apart from cooking and baking, going for a walk, going to football match, things like that, holidays theyre all classed as activities arent they P2 explained;Leisure time was a non entity, no such thing as leisure time, because I had a home and a family to look after so there wasnt really time for any leisure time, the only time was perhaps later in an evening where you would perhaps sit down and watch the television for a couple of hours before you went to bed at night. This highlights the barriers, lack of time being the primary reason for not exercising this corresponds with the English National survey where lack of time was reported as the main reason and most frequently reported barrier for not taking part in exercise. Women typically find it difficult to find time to exercise due to the demands of a family, household jobs and work, they rarely have time for themselves. Making physical activity part of your daily routine encourages physical participation throughout the life course which enhances both mental and physical well being. Those who participate in physical activity throughout their life are more likely to continue this later on in life (Castillo et al, 2005; Berger et al, 2005).P2 explained that she had never participated in any sport throughout her life as it was just not something that she was interested in. P2 explained Because im just not a sporty type of person im more into delving in history, thats my past time, which does not require much physical exertion.. . As highlighted previously exercise does not need to include sport activities but moderate intensity exercise such as going for a brisk walk, gardening or housework are all types of exercise. P1 explained I am a crown green bowler, I was the president for the North Lancs and Fylde, I was the captain of the county When asked if this was something she had aways taken participated in. P1 explained that her husband who has only just recently passed away was also a bowler this influenced her to participate in this past time together. Castilo et al, (2005); Bruce, (2002) identified that having a social network, including living with a partner encouraged participation. Both participants retired at retirement age because it was the right time, so they could start to sit back and enjoy life. Both participants could afford to retire and decided it was ready to enjoy life. This supports the theory that a persons socio-economic position continues to influence on post-retirement activities (Scherger, Nazroo Higgs, 2010). P1 explainedWhen I turned 60 he said come on lets spend some time together, lifes too short and you dont realise, you think you have years so I said right I will do so I did.. P2 explained It was retirement age and I just felt it was the right time for me to retire, id had enough of working life I just wanted to get out the rat race of working, cause I wasnt really enjoying my job at that time. I can afford to retire so thats what I am going to do and enjoy life a bit.. People make preparations for retirement in different ways but research shows that very little preparations are made for health promoting physical activity (Chaudhury Shelton, 2010). When asked about how they would consider keeping fit and healthy in retirement, P1 explained; Never crossed my mind, I knew I would still always be doing, I knew I still did things. I bowl even more now, even in the winter I do indoor bowling P2 explained; No, I knew I would go for walks, I have a garden at home, I have a grandson who id be running round after Participants were asked about their knowledge of the government guidelines for physical activity. Research suggests that very few people know how much exercise is required. P1 and P2 responses correspond with this. P1 replied .Well I wouldnt know what it was but I would imagine there was one P2 replied .no Participation in activities appears to be based on enjoyment and social networks (Allender et al, 2006) I asked P2 the main reasons for participating in bowling now whether it was for the fitness or more the social aspects? P1 replied Both really, meeting people, social side of things Chaudhury Skelton (2010) stated that those not in work reported more physical activity at home or during leisure time compared to when in employment. When asked if they thought they were more active now or before they retired both participants said that they thought they were more active now P1 explained. yes I would say now. P2 explained . I would say I have more now. Berger et al, (2005) outlined that if a person is considerably active during employment that activity is not always replaced after retirement. The study found that people in work were more likely to meet the daily levels of exercise required than in retirement. Physical activity should be measured in other activities to ensure the recommended daily levels of activity are met. P2 added that she also does volunteer work at the local church. Van Willigen (2000) reported that older people who worked as a volunteer experienced positive changes in perceived health and experienced an increase in life satisfaction Both participants were aware of local activities aimed at the over 60s however, both stated that they perceived that took part in enough activities to meet the daily target of 30 minutes per day. People make preparations for retirement in different ways but research shows that very little preparations are made for health promoting physical activity (Chaudhury Shelton, 2010). Conclusion The aim of this study was to explore the behaviours and attitudes to physical activity around retirement age. My findings are show that there are clear variations of older adult physical activity from sport related activities to general leisure time. Studies have shown to examine formal activities but there is li

The Analysis Of Translation Errors

The Analysis Of Translation Errors Translation is one of the means that people use to other languages betterbecause there are a lot of languages spoken in this world. Since there are so many cultures and ideas shared in this world, Indonesians need to learn other languages and one of them is English. In order to be able to exchange ideas with people in other countries, Indonesians need to be proficient in spoken and written English. However the majority of Indonesian people do not speak English. That is why they have to learn English from the basic. For themtranslation is a necessary skill. One of the problems in translation is that sometimes a translator cannot transfer messages well (CITATION HERE). But because Indonesians lack of translation skills, the writer found that some works of translation do not have the same message as the original writer wants to tell to the target language. Translating a sentence can be challenging,. It should tell the context that the original language wants to tell and it must be of the same meaning. According to Nida, translation is the reproduction in a target language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message (Nida, 1982, 208). If translators cannot translate the messages accurately, the readers will have difficulty in understanding the messages. To understanding the messages accurately, the translation skill must be taught and mastered. According to Gabrielatos (1998), translation has a long history in English Language Teaching. Many teachers use translation techniques to deliver their teaching materials. Translation is most frequently used as a convenient shortcut when teaching vocabulary, by providing equivalents in the learners mother tongues. The other reason is that a lot of written media, such as books, modules, novels, magazines are translated into English language. Translation skill is a basic skill in English. In order to understand English texts well, a person needs to be able to translate or even master the translation skill. Translation skill is also important for someone who works with TV or movie production. Translation work focuses in the area of education, particularly in higher education. In the Faculty of Letters, students learn the translation skills; they have to take translation class. The Faculty of Letters offers two levels of translation class. In the basic translation class, students learn how to translate English readings or paragraphs to Indonesian. In the more advanced class, students learn to translate Indonesian paragraphs or articles into English Unfortunately, many students cannot master the translation skill well. Due to such problems, the writer is concerned that the work of translation would be seen by the other English learners. They still have to learn that the essence of translation is to translate the sentence thoroughly, not by a word. By seeing the result of translation above, the students still face an ambiguity of Indonesian word, phrase, and sentence. In this study, the writer wants to investigate whether student translations are accurate or not and to find out the most common errors in their translation. FIELD OF THE STUDY This study is in the field of Linguistics SCOPE OF THE STUDY In doing his research, the writer intends to examine the error analysis in translation. He is interested in analyzing the grammatical errors in students translations. However, spelling errors which do not affect the content and the grammar of the text are ignored. PROBLEM FORMULATION In this study, the research problem is content and grammatical errors in translation. This study will address the following research questions: What translation error occurs in the students translation? What type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation? What is the most dominant errors in translation? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the kind of translation errors in students translation. To find type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation. To compare the dominant translation error, whether grammatical or content errors occur in translation. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The writer hopes that this analysis can contribute to the discussion of content and grammatical errors in translation. The result of this study will hopefully help English learners to improve their translation skill. If they are aware of the most common mistakes in translation, they will be able to avoid such errors. In addition, this study will provide suggestions and recommendations that learners and teachers can implement. DEFINITION OF TERMS a. Translation error : can not deliver the meaning correctly b. Content error : failed to share ideas from the original text c. Grammatical error : going out from the rule of a grammar in context CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Translation Scholars define translation in different ways. Some define the term translation on the basis of the essence and the process of translation. According to Catford, the meaning of translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent material in another language (Catford, 1965). In Catfords definition, the purpose of translation study is to convey an intended meaning of a material in the source Language (SL) into target Language (TL). So, the meaning in SL has to be equivalent with that in TL. Savory (1968) suggests that Translation is made possibly by an equivalent of thought that lies behind it different verbal expression. This means that the essence of translation lies on the equivalent thought. It means that the main ideas in the source language are the same as those in the target language. Nida and Taber define the meaning of translation by focusing it on the process of translation. They state that Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (1982). Their definition is the complete one. They state that in the TL, the meaning and the style (structure or grammar) must be as natural as possible, so the result of the translation does not look like a translation work. In those definitions, there are three similar ideas. Firstly, there is a process of transferring from one language into another language. The second one is that the meaning has to be retained. The last, the translator must carry the closest equivalent idea in the target language. 2.2 Common Problems in Translation Newmark (1988) and Barnet Stubbs (1980) classify the errors found in translation into the following: Different sense In this category the translation is totally different from the original text in terms of linguistic sense of meaning, be it in the word or sentence level. In this category, the translation is a misstatement of fact. (Newmark, 1988) Less precise or less accurate There is nothing perfect on the works of translation but it must cover the words into an original meaning of a sentence in whole. That is why this category is related to the precision or accuracy of the original text meaning. Misuse of phrases To translate the phrase to an exact word must be selected into several categories, whether the order of a word is accurate or not. In this category, the translation misuse of phrases such as more and more for increasingly, above all for particularly ; job for work; got well for recovered and excessively familiar phrasal verbs (get out of, get rid of) (Newmark,1988). Misuse of formal or official register The translation errors are in the degree of formality, generality, and emotional tone of a text. For instance, decease for death (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) Less coherent The result of the translation does not fit in standard phrases and forms. For example in a narrative, it has formulaic opening (Once upon a time) and a formulaic close (they all lived happily ever after). Less cohesive In this category, the translation error is related to the relation between sentences. The most common forms these take care connectives denoting addition (however, on the contrary), result (therefore, consequently), and other connectives. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) Added Sometimes, the translation adds additional information which does not exist in the original text. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) 8. Left out In this category, the translation misses the ideas of the original texts. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) 2.3 Grammatical Errors Richard (1971) suggests that ultralingual errors are those which reflect the general characteristics of rule learning, such as faulty generalizations, in complete application of rules, and failure to learn conditions under rules apply. This can happen when the subject is going out from the rule of a grammar in context. According to Richards, translation errors can be categorized as follows: Errors in the Production of Verbs Groups In this case, the translation errors are related to the production of verb such as gerunds, infinitives, participles (present/ past), errors in the use of verbs forms after modals, and the production of agreements of verbs with subject. The examples are as follows Errors in the production of tense forms He is speaks French. He did not asks me. Errors in the production of verb forms I enjoy to work. Did you go to shopping? Errors in the use of verb forms after modals She cannot goes. We must worked hard. Errors in the production of agreements of verbs with subjects She go to school everyday. They walks to the market. 2.3.2 Errors in the Distribution of Verb Groups Errors in the distribution of verb groups are classified into the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements, the misuse of present or past participles, and the misuse of subject or objects. The examples are as follows: Errors in the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements: He said that had he worked hard. She asked me whether was she hungry. The misuse of present or past participles The country was discovering by Colombus. I am interested in that. The misuse of subjects or objects Kate is my friend. He is a teacher. Eric is a doctor. I want to marry her. 2.3.3 Miscellaneous Errors Miscellaneous errors are classified into errors in the use of pronouns, errors in the adverbs, errors in the use of adjectives, errors in the use of too or so, errors in the position of words, errors in the use of plural, and errors in the use of conjunctions. The examples are as follows: Errors in the use of pronouns Ann met I at the museum. She walked between Eni and he. Errors in the use of adverbs She sings beautiful. He ran fastly. Errors in the use of adjectives I met a kindly man. She is a beautifully woman. Errors in the use of too or so I am so lazy to stay at home. I am too tired that I cannot work Errors in the position of words She swims often in Tretes. He really is a good architect. Errors in the use of plural Tina bought a watches. There are two dog in his house. Errors in the use of conjunctions Though he is poor, but he is very diligent. Is a lemon sweet but sour? CHAPTER III METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION This chapter contains the method of the study. It consists of methodological approach, source of data, data collection, and data analysis. In conducting this research, the writer uses quantative method. He uses quantative because the data will be in numerical form such as statistics, and percentages. He analyzes sentences, and then he describes and explores the errors and put them in the table in form of percentage. 3.1 Material The sources of data for this study are the students assignments of translation course in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University. The writer only investigates twenty five assignments to limit the number of data. 3.2 Procedure The writer collects students assignments and randomizes the twenty five of students assignments then analyse the mistakes happen the most. The mistakes can be found in the students assignments, identifying red stripe left by the lecturer. In doing this research, the writer used three steps. In the first place, in order to understand the meaning of the sentences, the writer reads the Indonesian sentences as a whole. After that, he reads the sentence by sentence and compared those sentences with the corresponding English sentences slowly and carefully. Furthermore, he focuses on the errors. He underlines the Indonesian part and the corresponding English error in bold type. There are some steps in the analysis. Firstly, the writer reads the Indonesian and the English sentence by sentence to know whether the content is already the same or not. If he finds out the content errors, he classified it based on the type of content error following Newmark (1988) and Barnett Stubbs classifications (1980). Table 1: Content error No. sentence Indonesian text English text Category Correction After he finishes identifying the content error, he identifies the grammatical error and classifies it into the type of grammatical error following Richards categories (1974). Table 2: Grammatical error No. sentence Indonesian text English text Category Correction For the last part, he deals with the dominant translation error which occurred in the translation class. He makes three tables, they are consists of content error, grammatical error, and types of content and grammatical error and their frequencies.

Good Use - The Customer is Always Right Essay -- Teaching Writing Educ

Good Use - The Customer is Always Right Does "I respectfully submit my resignation," convey the same meaning as, "I quit?" Certainly the tone of voice is different, but do these two phrases say the same thing? Which one is correct? In answering these questions we are making decisions about what constitutes good use in writing techniques. According to Orwell's Advice for Writing, one should, "Never use a long word where a short one will do." Following this line of thinking one would logically conclude that "I quit," a phrase of only five characters in length, is by far the better choice when comparing it to the thirty-two character alternative, "I respectfully submit my resignation." However, there may just be a bit more to proper usage in writing than choosing between longer and shorter words/phrases of the same meaning. In fact, the most important aspect of usage may just be the audience for which the writing is intended. (in other words, it's not the size that counts, it's whose using it!) For example, J. D. Thomas point s out that in technical writing, "Efficient communication depends upon a 'middle' range..." or writing that will be utilized by people with varied educational/technical backgrounds. Technicians use jargon that may not be understood by an otherwise well educated person. Therefore, if a technician wants to write a paper explaining some revolutionary way of manufacturing to a potential investor, she's going to have to adjust her writing to suit her audience so as to successfully convey her message. However, the same paper would have to be amended to include specific, object-oriented terminology if it were targeted towards the technician's peers. Another important aspect of good usage, according to T. Cliffo... ... audience is the determining factor of good use. The two phrases mentioned earlier, "I quit," and "I respectfully submit my resignation," illustrate the power the audience has in writing. Without knowing for whom the phrases are intended, the author can't make a decision between the two. "I quit," is short and to the point, but who is the writer talking to? Will the abrupt nature of the phrase cause tension or will the audience simply ignore it as insignificant babble? If it's an employer that she is expecting a good reference from, perhaps, "I respectfully submit my resignation," is the way to go. On the other hand, if shock value is the intent of the writer, an entire realm of discontinued-employment phrases may become appropriate. Metaphorically speaking, the audience is the customer in the department store of writing styles, and the customer is always right.

Gender Equity in Education Essay -- Equality Feminism Science Mathemat

Gender Equity in Education Gender equity issues in mathematics and science have been the focus of many educators and researchers for years. Women have often been denied an equal education in math and science for many reasons. Parents and teachers must realize this fact and change their habits wherever necessary. Girls must be given the same opportunity as boys from the beginning, particularly in math and science where girls tend to lag behind. First of all, the term gender equity must be defined. Gender not only includes the concept of sex, but all the social and cultural meanings that go along with being either male or female. Every interaction that takes place is in relation to the sex of those involved in it, therefore sex may be considered central to those interactions. Equity is "justice, impartiality, the giving or desiring to give each person his or her due." Gender equity may then be defined as being free from any kind of discrimination based on sex; males and females considered equal in every possible way (Hilke & Conway-Gerhardt, 1994). Gender equity has been addressed in many schools, articles and books in the past and is still an issue today. One idea that must be considered is the difference that exists between girls and boys in the areas of math and science. Many ideas are involved in the issue of why girls are behind boys in math and science. The first factor is how parents treat their children. Parents have one of the greatest, if not the greatest influence, on their children’s lives and life choices. Their attitudes about such things as traditional jobs for women and treating girls differently than boys when dealing with school will often effect their children, especially their d... ...titt, B.A. (1988). Building Gender Fairness in Schools. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 4. The Mid-Atlantic Equity Consortium. (2000). Beyond Title IX: Gender Equity Issues in Schools. Retrieved March 20, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.maec.org/beyond.html. 5. Advocates for Women in Science, Engineering and Mathematics. Gender Equity. Retrieved March 21, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.awsem.com/gnature.html. 6. University Libraries, University of Iowa. (1998). Overview of Title IX. Retrieved March 20, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/Title_IX.html 7. Salomone, R.C. (1997, October 8). Sometimes ‘Equal’ Means ‘Different’. Education Week. Retrieved March 20, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.edweek.org/ew/1997/06salom.h17.

Minimum Wage Good or Bad

Minimum Wage Good or Bad Rachel L. Hathaway Professor Myung Han Economic Problems and Issues – ECO 40500816 March 15, 2009 Whether minimum wage is good or bad, has been an ongoing debate since before 1938 when the government set the first federal minimum wage at $0. 25/hr thanks to the Fair Labor Standards Act. The federal minimum wage is currently at $6. 55/hr with yet another increase to come July 24, 2009 to begin the federal minimum wage up to $7. 25/hr. Minimum wage was ideally set to help the working poor to stay out of poverty. Let’s do the math $6. 5* 2080=$13624 per year. 2008 HHS Poverty Guidelines SOURCE: Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 15, January 23, 2008, pp. 3971–3972 Well, based on the 2008 poverty guidelines if you are a single person you are considered above the poverty line, however, if you are a head of household say a single parent with a child you now fall below the poverty line. It is easy to see that minimum wage will not cut it to make end s meet and provide for just basic needs for food and shelter and the need for child care that you have to have in order to work for the minimum wage of $6. 55/Hr. A hike in minimum wage is fun to talk about, but, in the end, economically speaking, it isn’t a worthy option. Higher wages mean higher costs, which mean higher prices across the board. With a $10 minimum wage, the ninety-nine-cent value menu at Wendy’s becomes the $1. 99 value menu, and so on, so what’s the point? If $7 an hour isn’t supporting your current lifestyle, then you have other options: a) team up with a friend or family member to help cover living expenses, B) change your lifestyle, or C) use that job as the stepping stone it is meant to be in you quest for better opportunities. Shepard, 2008, page 229-230) Ok so the minimum wage is increasing to $7. 25 in July 2009 that will make the annual income a total of $15,080. Congratulation! Single parents working at minimum wage you are now technically above the poverty line, however, you can almost bet on the cost to purchase everyday items to also go up as well. Economically in a mixed market like o urs in the US this is the normal course of things as costs to produce goods or services go up so will the sales price for the goods or ervices will follow suit to compensate for the increased labor cost, i. e. the $0. 70 raise from $6. 55/Hr to $7. 25/Hr come July. I found that even though we have federal minimum wage-state minimum wages vary widely with â€Å"27 states + DC being above the federal minimum, 12 states being equal to federal minimum wage rates, 6 being less than minimum wage, and 5 states do not have a minimum wage rate at all. â€Å"Note: Where Federal and state law have different minimum wage rates the higher standard applies. †Ã¢â‚¬  (WHD, 2008, consolidated table and p. 1) Why do the states vary so? The cost of living of within each state is so different the main logical reasoning. Some states are proactive with their higher wages by linking their increases to the Consumer Price Index in hopes to keep up with inflation. Others are lower but are held to the federal minimum wage anyway. The attempt to at least keep up with inflation is an honorable one however the output effect of inflation seems to keep the wages on the lagging side. You would expect minimum wage workers to typically be teenagers or young adults working their first jobs trying to gain skills and experience. However, many older adults are also filling those minimum wage jobs as while taking away taking away valuable experience needed to move on to higher paying positions. So how do we make more jobs? In our current state of recession in this country and the jobless rate mounting, we should consider placing a freeze on the minimum wage instead of adding to the unemployment rate with the next increase due in July 2009. By holding wages steady businesses are more likely to hire more laborers instead of letting go of laborers due to increase costs. We need all the help we can get to lower or at least slow the unemployment rate. It is estimated that for every one entry level/minimum wage position opening there are now 5 to 7 applicants. Minimum wage, good or bad, it is not helping those it was intending too. References Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and Dimed. New York: Owl Books Henry Holt and Company, LLC Messerli, J. (2007, December) A 20-Point Plan for Fixing America. Retrieved March 10, 2009 from http://www. balancedpolitics. org/editorial-point_plan. htm Sharp, A. , Register, P. , and Grimes, P. (2008). ECO 405 Economic Problems and Issues third custom edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Shepard, A. (2008). Scratch Beginnings. Chapel Hill, NC: SB Press The 2008 HHS Poverty G _uidelines, _One Version of the [U. S. ] Federal Poverty Measure. (2009, February). Retrieved March 13, 2009 from http://aspe. hhs. gov/poverty/08poverty. shtml WHD. _ _(2008, December), Minimum Wage Laws in the States – January 1, 2009, Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http://www. dol. gov/esa/minwage/america. htm Wikipedia. (2009, February), Minimum wage in the United States, Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in theUnited_States Minimum Wage Good or Bad Minimum Wage Good or Bad Rachel L. Hathaway Professor Myung Han Economic Problems and Issues – ECO 40500816 March 15, 2009 Whether minimum wage is good or bad, has been an ongoing debate since before 1938 when the government set the first federal minimum wage at $0. 25/hr thanks to the Fair Labor Standards Act. The federal minimum wage is currently at $6. 55/hr with yet another increase to come July 24, 2009 to begin the federal minimum wage up to $7. 25/hr. Minimum wage was ideally set to help the working poor to stay out of poverty. Let’s do the math $6. 5* 2080=$13624 per year. 2008 HHS Poverty Guidelines SOURCE: Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 15, January 23, 2008, pp. 3971–3972 Well, based on the 2008 poverty guidelines if you are a single person you are considered above the poverty line, however, if you are a head of household say a single parent with a child you now fall below the poverty line. It is easy to see that minimum wage will not cut it to make end s meet and provide for just basic needs for food and shelter and the need for child care that you have to have in order to work for the minimum wage of $6. 55/Hr. A hike in minimum wage is fun to talk about, but, in the end, economically speaking, it isn’t a worthy option. Higher wages mean higher costs, which mean higher prices across the board. With a $10 minimum wage, the ninety-nine-cent value menu at Wendy’s becomes the $1. 99 value menu, and so on, so what’s the point? If $7 an hour isn’t supporting your current lifestyle, then you have other options: a) team up with a friend or family member to help cover living expenses, B) change your lifestyle, or C) use that job as the stepping stone it is meant to be in you quest for better opportunities. Shepard, 2008, page 229-230) Ok so the minimum wage is increasing to $7. 25 in July 2009 that will make the annual income a total of $15,080. Congratulation! Single parents working at minimum wage you are now technically above the poverty line, however, you can almost bet on the cost to purchase everyday items to also go up as well. Economically in a mixed market like o urs in the US this is the normal course of things as costs to produce goods or services go up so will the sales price for the goods or ervices will follow suit to compensate for the increased labor cost, i. e. the $0. 70 raise from $6. 55/Hr to $7. 25/Hr come July. I found that even though we have federal minimum wage-state minimum wages vary widely with â€Å"27 states + DC being above the federal minimum, 12 states being equal to federal minimum wage rates, 6 being less than minimum wage, and 5 states do not have a minimum wage rate at all. â€Å"Note: Where Federal and state law have different minimum wage rates the higher standard applies. †Ã¢â‚¬  (WHD, 2008, consolidated table and p. 1) Why do the states vary so? The cost of living of within each state is so different the main logical reasoning. Some states are proactive with their higher wages by linking their increases to the Consumer Price Index in hopes to keep up with inflation. Others are lower but are held to the federal minimum wage anyway. The attempt to at least keep up with inflation is an honorable one however the output effect of inflation seems to keep the wages on the lagging side. You would expect minimum wage workers to typically be teenagers or young adults working their first jobs trying to gain skills and experience. However, many older adults are also filling those minimum wage jobs as while taking away taking away valuable experience needed to move on to higher paying positions. So how do we make more jobs? In our current state of recession in this country and the jobless rate mounting, we should consider placing a freeze on the minimum wage instead of adding to the unemployment rate with the next increase due in July 2009. By holding wages steady businesses are more likely to hire more laborers instead of letting go of laborers due to increase costs. We need all the help we can get to lower or at least slow the unemployment rate. It is estimated that for every one entry level/minimum wage position opening there are now 5 to 7 applicants. Minimum wage, good or bad, it is not helping those it was intending too. References Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and Dimed. New York: Owl Books Henry Holt and Company, LLC Messerli, J. (2007, December) A 20-Point Plan for Fixing America. Retrieved March 10, 2009 from http://www. balancedpolitics. org/editorial-point_plan. htm Sharp, A. , Register, P. , and Grimes, P. (2008). ECO 405 Economic Problems and Issues third custom edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Shepard, A. (2008). Scratch Beginnings. Chapel Hill, NC: SB Press The 2008 HHS Poverty G _uidelines, _One Version of the [U. S. ] Federal Poverty Measure. (2009, February). Retrieved March 13, 2009 from http://aspe. hhs. gov/poverty/08poverty. shtml WHD. _ _(2008, December), Minimum Wage Laws in the States – January 1, 2009, Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http://www. dol. gov/esa/minwage/america. htm Wikipedia. (2009, February), Minimum wage in the United States, Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in theUnited_States

The Indigo Spell Chapter Ten

THE NEXT MORNING, I sought out Ms. Terwilliger before class to give her a recap of yesterday's adventures. She leaned against her desk, sipping a cappuccino as I spoke. Her expression grew darker as the story progressed, and she sighed when I finished. â€Å"Well, that's unfortunate,† she said. â€Å"I'm glad you were able to find the Stone girl, but that kills our lead on Veronica until the next full moon. It could be too late by then.† â€Å"You're sure there's no other scrying spell?† I asked. She shook her head. â€Å"Most that I could attempt would alert her that I was looking for her. There is one that might mask me while I'm using it . . . but it also might not be able to penetrate any shielding she's using to hide herself.† â€Å"It's still worth a try, isn't it?† I asked. The warning bell rang, and students began trickling into the classroom. She shot me a smile as she straightened up. â€Å"Why, Miss Melbourne, I never thought I'd hear you suggesting such things. But you're right. We'll talk about it this afternoon. It's something I'd like you to see.† That anti-magic gut instinct started to rear its ugly head . . . and then stopped. Somewhere, against my wishes, I'd gotten caught up in all of this. I was too concerned now about Veronica's other victims to pay attention to my usual worries. In Alchemist eyes, using magic was bad. In my eyes, leaving innocents in danger was worse. With no other critical situations to contend with, I found that the day flew by. When I rejoined Ms. Terwilliger for our independent study, I found her packed up and waiting for me to arrive. â€Å"Field trip,† she told me. â€Å"We need to work on this at my place.† A wistful look crossed her features. â€Å"Too bad we can't stop at Spencer's.† Caffeine and magic didn't mix, which was another good reason for staying away from the arcane. I started to point out that since I wasn't working any magic, I didn't have the same restrictions. A moment later, I decided that would be mean. Ms. Terwilliger had enough going on with a bloodthirsty sister on the loose. She didn't need to be taunted too. The cats were waiting at the door when we arrived at her house, which was slightly terrifying. I'd never seen all of them at once and counted thirteen. I had to assume that number was by design. â€Å"I have to feed them first,† she told me as they swarmed at her feet. â€Å"Then we'll get to work.† I nodded wordlessly, thinking her plan was a good one. If those cats weren't fed soon, it seemed likely they would turn on us. I didn't like our odds. Once they had food to distract them, Ms. Terwilliger and I went to her workshop. There was little I could do except observe. Magic often required that the person doing the spell be the one to put in all the labor. I assisted with a little measuring, but that was about it. I'd seen her do a couple of quick, flashy spells in the past but never anything of this magnitude. It was clear to me that this was a very, very powerful feat. She had nothing to link her to Veronica, no hair or picture. The spell required the caster to use the image in her mind of the person being sought. Other components, herbs and oils, helped enhance the magic, but for the most part, the work was all on Ms. Terwilliger. Watching her prepare triggered a mix of emotions in me. Anxiety was one, of course, but it was paired with a secret fascination at seeing someone with her strength cast a spell. When everything was in place, she spoke the incantation, and I nearly gasped as I felt power surge up in the room. I'd never sensed it from another person before, and the intensity nearly knocked me over. Ms. Terwilliger was staring at a spot a few feet in front of her. After several long moments, a glowing dot appeared in the air. It grew bigger and bigger, turning into a flat, shimmering disc, which hung there like a mirror. I stepped backward, half-afraid the disc would keep expanding and consume the room. Eventually, it stabilized. Tense silence surrounded us as she stared at that glowing surface. A minute passed, and then the oval began to shrink and shrink until it was gone. Ms. Terwilliger sank with exhaustion and caught the side of her table for support. She was sweating heavily, and I handed her some orange juice we'd had ready. â€Å"Did you see anything?† I asked. There'd been nothing visible to me, but maybe only the caster could see what the spell revealed. She shook her head. â€Å"No. The spell was unable to touch her mind. Her shielding must be too strong.† â€Å"Then we can't do anything until next month.† I felt my stomach drop. I hadn't realized until that moment how much I'd been hoping this spell would work. So much of my life involved problem solving, and I felt lost when I ran out of options. â€Å"You and Adrian can keep warning the other girls,† said Ms. Terwilliger. Color was starting to return to her face. â€Å"At the very least, it might slow Veronica down.† I looked at the time on my cell phone. This spell had taken longer than I thought. â€Å"I don't think we can do a round trip to Los Angeles today. I'll get him tomorrow, and we'll see if we can finish off the list.† Once I was convinced she wouldn't pass out from magical exertion, I made motions to leave. She stopped me as I was about to walk out the door. â€Å"Sydney?† I glanced back, suddenly uneasy. The problem with having so many people call me by nicknames was that when someone called me by my actual name, it usually meant something serious was happening. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"We keep talking about warning others, but don't forget to look after yourself as well. Keep studying the book. Learn to protect yourself. And keep the charm on.† I touched the garnet, hidden under my shirt. â€Å"Yes, ma'am. I will.† Marcus's promised text came as I was driving back to school, telling me to meet him at a nearby arcade. I knew the place and had actually been to its adjacent mini-golf course once before, so I had no difficulty heading over there. Marcus was waiting for me just inside the door, and thankfully, Sabrina wasn't around wielding a gun. I hadn't spent a lot of time in arcades and didn't really understand them. They hardly meshed with my father's style of education. For me, it was a mass of sensory overload that I wasn't quite ready for. The smell of slightly burnt pizza filled the air. Excited children and teenagers darted back and forth between games. And everywhere, everything seemed to be flashing and beeping. I winced, thinking maybe my dad had been on to something in avoiding these places. â€Å"This is where we're going to discuss covert activities?† I asked in disbelief. He gave me one of his movie star smiles. â€Å"It's not an easy place for people to spy on you. Besides, I haven't played Skee-Ball in years. That game is awesome.† â€Å"I wouldn't know.† â€Å"What?† It was kind of nice to catch him by surprise again, even if it was for something so trivial. â€Å"You've been missing out. Spot me some money for tokens, and I'll show you.† Apparently, being an on-the-run renegade leader didn't pay well. He found the Skee-Ball machines instantly. I bought him a cupful of tokens and handed them over. â€Å"Have at it.† He promptly put a token in and threw his first ball. It landed completely outside of the rings, making him scowl. â€Å"You don't waste any time,† I remarked. His eyes were on the game as he made his second throw, which again missed. â€Å"It's a survival tactic. When you spend enough time on the run . . . hiding out all the time . . . well, you take advantage of these moments of freedom. And when pretty girls spirit you away.† â€Å"How do you know we're free? How can you be so sure the Alchemists haven't been watching me?† I asked. I was pretty sure I wasn't being watched and mostly wanted to test him. â€Å"Because they would've showed up on that first day.† He had a point. I put my hands on my hips and tried to be patient. â€Å"How long are you going to play? When can we talk?† â€Å"We can talk now.† His next ball hit the ten-point ring, and he whooped with joy. â€Å"I can talk and throw. Ask away. I'll give you as many shocking secrets as I can.† â€Å"I'm not easily shocked.† But I wasn't going to waste this opportunity. I glanced around, but he was right. No one was going to eavesdrop in this noisy place. We could barely hear each other as it was. â€Å"What'd you do to get kicked out of the Alchemists?† â€Å"I didn't get kicked out. I left.† This round ended, and he put in his next token. â€Å"Because of a Moroi girl.† I froze, unable to believe what I'd heard. Marcus Finch had started his great rebellion . . . because he'd been involved with a Moroi? It rang too close to my own situation. When I didn't say anything, he glanced over and took in my expression. â€Å"Oh. Oh. No, nothing like that,† he said, realizing my thoughts. â€Å"That's not a line even I would cross.† â€Å"Of course not,† I said, hoping I was doing a good job at hiding my nervousness. â€Å"Who would?† He returned to the game. â€Å"We were friends. I was assigned to Athens, and she lived there with her sister.† That derailed me. â€Å"Athens . . . you were in Athens? That was one of the places I wanted to be assigned. I went to St. Petersburg instead, but I always kept hoping that, maybe, maybe, I'd get reassigned to Greece. Or even Italy.† I was nearly babbling, but he didn't seem to notice. â€Å"What's wrong with St. Petersburg? Aside from the high Strigoi count.† â€Å"What's wrong is that it wasn't Athens or Rome. My dad specifically requested that I not be assigned to either place. He thought it'd be too distracting.† Marcus paused again to give me a long, level look. There was sympathy in his expression, as though my entire history and family drama were playing before his eyes. I didn't want him to feel sorry for me and wished I hadn't said anything. I cleared my throat. â€Å"So tell me about this girl in Athens.† He took the hint. â€Å"Like I said, she was a friend. So funny. Oh, man. She cracked me up. We used to hang out all the time – but you know how that's kind of frowned upon.† I almost laughed at his subtle joke. Kind of? That was an understatement. Field Alchemists weren't supposed to interact with Moroi unless it was absolutely necessary for some business matter or related to stopping and covering up Strigoi. My situation was a little unique, since my mission actually required me to talk to her on a daily basis. â€Å"Anyway,† he continued. â€Å"Someone noticed, and I got a lot of unwelcome attention for it. Around the same time, I started hearing all these rumors . . . like about Alchemists holding Moroi against their will. And even some Alchemists interacting with the Warriors.† â€Å"What? That's impossible. We would never work with those freaks.† The idea of Moroi prisoners was outlandish, but it was that second part that truly stumped me. I couldn't even process it. He might as well have said the Alchemists were working with aliens. â€Å"That's what I thought.† He threw another ball, looking supremely pleased when it scored thirty points. â€Å"But I kept hearing whispers, so I started asking questions. A lot of questions. And, well, that's when things really went bad. Questions don't always go over so well – especially if you're a nuisance about them.† I thought about my own experience. â€Å"That's certainly true.† â€Å"So that's when I walked. Or, well, ran. I could see the signs. I'd crossed a line and knew it was only a matter of time before I had a one-way ticket to re-education.† Another new round started, and he gestured me forward. â€Å"Want to give it a try?† I was still stunned enough by his earlier words that I stepped forward and took a ball. The Alchemists were logical, organized, and reasonable. I knew there were Alchemists who wished we could do more to fight the Strigoi, but there was no way our group would work with trigger-happy zealots. â€Å"Stanton told me we only tolerate the Warriors. That we're just keeping an eye on them.† â€Å"That's what I was told too.† He watched me line up a shot. â€Å"There's kind of a learning curve to this, by the way. It may take you a few – â€Å" I threw and hit the fifty-point ring. Marcus could only stare for a few seconds, his earlier smirk vanishing. â€Å"You said you'd never played!† he exclaimed. â€Å"I haven't.† I threw another fifty pointer. â€Å"Then how are you doing that?† â€Å"I don't know.† Fifty points again. â€Å"You just base your force on the ball's weight and distance to the ring. It's not that hard. This is kind of a boring game, really.† Marcus was still dumbstruck. â€Å"Are you some kind of super-athlete?† I nearly scoffed. â€Å"You don't need to be an athlete to play this.† â€Å"But . . . no . . .† He looked at the rings, then at me, and then back to the rings. â€Å"That's impossible. I've been playing this since I was a kid! My dad and I used to go to our town's carnival over and over in the summer, and I'd spend at least an hour playing this each time.† â€Å"Maybe you should have made it two hours.† I tossed another ball. â€Å"Now tell me more about the Warriors and the Alchemists. Did you ever get any proof?† It took him several moments to tune back into the conversation. â€Å"No. I tried. I even got cozy with the Warriors for a while – that's how I met Clarence. My group has found a few dark secrets about the Alchemists and saved other Moroi from the Warriors, but we were never able to make a connection between the two groups.† He paused dramatically. â€Å"Until now.† I picked up the next ball. This mundane activity was helping me analyze his startling words. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"It was a fluke, really. We've got a guy working with us now who just left the Alchemists and broke his tattoo,† he explained. He said it like it was no big deal, but I still couldn't shake how uneasy â€Å"breaking the tattoo† made me feel. â€Å"He'd overheard something that matched up to something Sabrina uncovered. Now we've just got to get the evidence linking it all.† â€Å"How are you going to pull that off?† â€Å"Actually, you're going to pull it off.† He spoke just as I was releasing another ball. My shot went wide, missed the rings and even the machine entirely. The ball bounced off the wall and landed at the feet of some startled girls. Marcus retrieved the ball and gave them an apologetic smile, which made them gush about how it was no problem at all. As soon as they were gone, I leaned toward Marcus. â€Å"What did you say?† â€Å"You heard me. You want to join our group? You want to break your tattoo?† He looked annoyingly smug. â€Å"Then this is all part of the process.† â€Å"I never said I wanted to do any of those things!† I hissed. â€Å"I just wanted to find out more about them.† â€Å"And I bet you'd really love to know if there are factions in the Alchemists working with the Warriors.† He was right. I did want to know that. He caught hold of my hand. â€Å"Sydney, I know this is a lot to take in. I don't blame you for doubting, and that's exactly why we need you. You're smart. You're observant. You question. And just like me, those questions are going to get you in trouble – if they haven't already. Get out now while you can – on your own terms.† â€Å"I just met you! I'm not breaking away from the group that raised me.† I pulled my hand back. â€Å"I was willing to hear you guys out, but now you've gone too far.† I turned and headed toward the door, unwilling to listen anymore. Yet as I walked away, his words crawled over me. Even though I'd been forgiven for my involvement with Rose, my record still probably had a black mark. And even though I hadn't pushed hard about Marcus Finch, had even bringing him up raised Stanton's suspicions? How long until little things added up? I pushed open the doors and stepped out into bright sunlight. It chased away the darkness of what I'd just heard. Marcus was right behind me and touched my shoulder. â€Å"Sydney I'm sorry. I'm not trying to scare you.† That cocky attitude was gone. He was deadly earnest. â€Å"I just sense something about you . . . something that resonates with me. I think we're on the same side, that we want the same things. We've both gotten close to the Moroi. We want to help them – without being lied to or used.† I eyed him warily. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"Please, hear us out.† â€Å"I thought I just did.† â€Å"You heard me out,† he corrected. â€Å"I want you to meet the others and hear their stories. They'll tell you more about what they went through. They'll tell you about this.† He tapped his tattoo. â€Å"And when you hear more about that task . . . well, I think you'll want to do it.† â€Å"Right. The big, mind-blowing thing that's going to unveil an Alchemist-Warrior conspiracy.† He remained serious, which bothered me more than if he'd suddenly revealed this to be one big joke. â€Å"So, what? You're going to get the others, and we'll all have an arcade day?† He shook his head. â€Å"Too dangerous. I'll gather them in some other place and then tell you where to meet us, but it's got to be last minute again. Can't risk detection.† â€Å"I can't go on some epic road trip,† I warned. â€Å"No one cares much about LA trips, but traipsing all over the state is going to get that unwanted attention you were talking about.† â€Å"I know, I know. It'll be close. I just have to make sure it's secure.† He was back to his excited, cheery self. â€Å"Will you do it? Come join us?† In spite of myself, I was curious. Even though I refused to believe in any connection between the Warriors and the Alchemists, I wanted to find out what leads this group thought they had. I also just wanted to see this mysterious group of his, period. What had Adrian called them? Marcus's Merry Men? And, of course, there was the tattoo. Marcus kept alluding to its secrets but still hadn't given me the details. â€Å"I'll do it,† I said at last. â€Å"On one condition.† â€Å"Name it.† â€Å"I want to bring someone with me,† I said. â€Å"You can trust him, I swear. But after Sabrina pulled a gun on me, you have to understand why I'd be a little nervous about walking into your clique.† Marcus looked like he might almost consider it but then suddenly recoiled. â€Å"Not Adrian?† â€Å"No, no. This guy's a dhampir. No one who'd be interested in turning you over to the Alchemists, especially if you really are working to protect Moroi. You say you've got a good feeling about me? Then trust me that you have nothing to worry about with him. He'd just be there to make me feel a little safer.† â€Å"You have nothing to worry about with us,† Marcus said. â€Å"We won't hurt you.† â€Å"I want to believe you. But I don't quite have that same good feeling you have yet.† He didn't say anything right away and then burst into laughter. â€Å"Fair enough. Bring your friend.† He shook my hand, as though we were sealing some great bargain. â€Å"I'll be in touch later with the details. You won't regret it, Sydney. I swear it.†