Golden Kite Silver Wind Essay - 1412 Words

â€Å"Golden Kite, Silver Wind† in a Daughter s Perspective. In life there are omens that can give hints to what fate has decided, these omens can be bad or give good luck. Bad omens show hints of a terrible fate wherever they go. In the town of Kwan-Si, a wall was built into the shape of a pig, our towns wall was built in the shape of an orange. The town of Kwan-si had a wall built like a pig that would surely devour our town, all who visit our town would go to the town shaped like a pig for good luck instead of ours. My poor father, the mandarin had thought all he could to think of a solution for our wall. To no avail, my father came up with nothing so behind a silk screen I had offered my advice to my father. Behind the silk screen I†¦show more content†¦As I give a heavy sigh my eyes turn to the window behind, outside I saw dashing colors fly through the dull blue sky. Then, I discovered what would save both of the towns. The repeated actions of rebuilding the walls have already stolen lives, the only way to stop this is coexistence. My health, along with everyone in both of the towns have considerably declined with numerous deaths due to the rebuilding of the walls. The two towns experienced utter chaos, rebuilding walls take hard labor, building funds, and a great amount of people. Omens are also essential to life, so how do I appease the people while ensuring the prosperity of the town through the wall? . Something had to be done quickly or the future of both towns would be doomed. In my weak voice I cried out a whisper behind my silkscreen,† In the name of the gods, send for Kwan-Si!†. Upon the last day of summer, I heard the steps of starving footmen carrying the sickly mandarin Kwan-Si, to the courtroom. I could hear faintly, the shallow breaths of the footmen, the mandarins breathing taking deep breaths. Even I, was barely able to manage my insignificant whispers. Behind the silks creen I said to the men,†Let us put an end to this†. The old men had nodded, though I did not see them I heard no objection. â€Å"This cannot go on†, said in my small voice. I explained to the men what is happening, â€Å"Our people do nothing but rebuild our cities to a different shape every day, every hour. They haveShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesresides in duty, maintaining social contracts, keeping commitments. 3. Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Conformity Right is being concerned about others’ feelings and maintaining trust by keeping expectations and commitments. The Golden Rule is relevant. 4. Social System and Conscience Maintenance Right is doing one’s duty to society and upholding the social order. C POSTCONVENTIONAL (PRINCIPLED) Moral value resides in commitment to freely selected standards, rights, and duties

Worldcom Failure - 1198 Words

WorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior LDR/531 - Organizational Leadership October 7, 2010 WorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior INTRODUCTION Year 2002 saw an unprecedented number of corporate scandals: Enron, Tyco, Global Crossing, etc. In many ways, WorldCom is just another case of failed corporate governance, accounting abuses, and outright greed. Many people may question if there is a secret to operating a successful business in modern times. Some may argue that success is based on being at the right place at the right time with the right idea and the right amount of money. Other may debate that success is based on hard work and ethics that are accompanied by many failed attempts before†¦show more content†¦A large loan to senior executives epitomizes about conflict of interest and breach of fiduciary duty. WORLDCOM SCANDAL INVESTIGATION RESULTS Evidence shows that the accounting fraud was discovered as early as June 2001, when several former employees gave statements alleging instances of hiding bad debt, understating costs, and backdating contracts. However, WorldCom’s board of directors did not investigate these claims. Although employees and investors look for individual culpability, WorldCom’s organizational structure, group processes, and culture contributed to the fraud and length of time over which it occurred. The SEC’s investigation into the accounting fraud at WorldCom turned up several key players. The following is a list of high-ranking WorldCom executives and other employees who were implicated on the accounting fraud: * Bernard Ebbers - former CEO of WorldCom. Suspected in accounting fraud but no charges have been filed against him yet. * Scott Sullivan - former CFO of WorlCom. Indicted on charges of securities fraud, conspiracy, and false statements to the SEC. * David Myers - former cont roller of WorlCom. Charged with securities fraud, conspiracy, and false statements to the SEC. * Buford Yates Jr. - former director of general accounting. He pled guilty to charge of securities fraud and conspiracy. * Betty Vinson - former director of management reporting. Pled guilty to charges of conspiracy to commit securitiesShow MoreRelatedWorldcom Failure1194 Words   |  5 PagesExamining a Business Failure: WorldCom WorldCom was one of several large companies that failed because of inadequate organizational leadership, fraud, conspiracy, falsifying documents, and embezzlement. WorldCom has been classified as being â€Å"one of the biggest corporate scandals in Unites States history† (Zekany, 2004, p. 101). In 2001, the company’s financial condition began to decline due to the slowing telecommunications industry, which eventually put pressure on the company’s executiveRead MoreAccounting And Business Issues : Worldcom s Failure891 Words   |  4 PagesSection #3. Accounting and business issues WorldCom’s failure should be attributed to the following problems and reasons. At first, it should be pointed out that, from a small company to one of the biggest communications provider in the world, frauds went through WorldCom’s growth. Aggressive acquisition by leverage together with creating false decent financial statements had been WorldCom’s main strategy for fast growth when, in fact, it failed to create commensurate value by its own businessRead MoreBusiness Failure of Worldcom in the Light of Organizational Behavior Theories1313 Words   |  5 PagesExamining Business Failures Business Failure of WorldCom in the Light of Organizational Behavior Theories Abstract Business failures occur usually due to lack of organizational leadership and unethical practices prevalent within an organization. Managers and leaders tend to be a lighthouse for any organization and if they adopt unethical ways, then the entire organization suffer from extreme loss and disgrace. WorldComs bankruptcy scandal is a big example of business failure which was linkedRead MoreThe First Decade Of The 21st Century Has Witnessed An Astonishing Number Of Large Scale Corporate Failures2048 Words   |  9 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The first decade of the 21st century has witnessed an astonishing number of large-scale corporate failures in two spates. The first wave came with the Dot.Com bubble (2000-2002), which led to many high profile corporate collapses including Enron and Worldcom, Global Crossing in the United States, HIH and One.Tel in Australia, Parmalat in Italy, Vivendi in France and Royal Ahold in the Holland, which brought the global economy close to recession (Barney 2009, Hill 2006, SoltaniRead MoreMission, Vision, Values, And Core Competencies Of Worldcom Inc. Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pages WorldCom Inc. An organization must set robust mission, vision, and value statements that have their functions in the strategic planning process. Another concept that plays a vital role is core competencies; they are capabilities that provide the organization a competitive advantage to ensure success in the marketplace. Strategic goals help organizations in prioritizing daily tasks, choosing achievements with measurable milestones and a purposeful direction. The purpose of the organization is toRead MoreEssay on Worldcom1595 Words   |  7 PagesRestoring Trust in WorldCom 1. What are the three or four central objectives that Breeden hopes to achieve with the proposals in â€Å"Restoring Trust†? Why is reform needed? What are the benefits? What are your concerns regarding the reform? The WorldCom Corporate Monitor, Richard Breeden, believed that in order to correct the ills that faced the company, WorldCom needed to adopt a strong Corporate Governance structure. The central objectives of his proposal â€Å"Restoring Trust† included improvingRead MoreEthics Research Essays984 Words   |  4 PagesHow leaders allocate rewards and status †¢ How leaders recruit, select, promote, and excommunicate (p. 246) The failure of Andersen and its clients to excel in these six areas of leadership caused the collapse of several business giants. Arthur Andersen is most closely associated with the collapse of Enron Corporation in 2001. However, Enron was not the firm’s first or only failure. â€Å"Enron was hardly the first corporate scandal in which Arthur Andersen was implicated. Three of the five largestRead MoreCompany Scandals Underpinned By Non Conformity And Accounting Principles1183 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness owners, shareholders, the government and accountants to understand the financial position of a company. A failure to apply appropriate accounting principles can lead to inaccurate reports being used in business decision making. This may result in inappropriate investment and business decisions and lead to collapses as evidenced by the scandals surrounding One-Tel and Worldcom. Accountants employed by these business have been found to have acted unethically by manipulating the financial accountsRead MoreThe Accounting Fraud At Worldcom Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesthe consequences. One example of t his situation occurred when senior management member Gene Morse told an employee â€Å"If you show those damn numbers to the f****ing auditors, I’ll throw you out the window† (Kaplan, R.S., Kiron, D., 2007, p. 3).WorldCom showed no concern regarding an employee’s need and obligation to voice concerns on matters related to their job function. â€Å"Employees felt they did not have an independent outlet for expressing concerns about company policies or behavior† (KaplanRead MoreWorldcom Case Study1535 Words   |  7 PagesWorldCom Case Study: Lack of Leadership, Lack of Ethics Emily Fearnow ORG 500- Foundations of Effective Management Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Cheryl Lentz May 15, 2011 WorldCom Case Study: Lack of Leadership, Lack of Ethics A multitude of choices made by executives at WorldCom led to the ultimate demise of the company as it was previously known, the employees and their livelihoods’, and the trust of the American people. In a time when corporations

Cost in Supply Chains Management

Question: Discuss about the Cost in Supply Chains Management. Answer: Introduction: Transfer price can be described as the amount charged by the subsidiary or department to another subsidiary or department of a same company for transferring a product. The process of charging transfer price to the downstream departments by the upstream departments is referred as transfer pricing method. This method is very helpful for income tax implications for a company, especially multi-national companies or the companies, which have different departments under different taxation jurisdiction areas. Moreover, it proves to be beneficial for improving the efficiency level of different departments and for purchase or sales related decision-making purposes (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Classification of Transfer Prices: The basis of transfer prices, charged on the downstream departments, varies from company to company. According to the bases, the transfer prices can be classified into three types. The types are discussed below:- Cost-Plus Transfer Price: Cost plus transfer price is the transfer price, charged by the upstream departments on the basis of the cost, incurred by the upstream departments for processing the product with an additional margin. The transfer price is determined by adding the cost of the department with a certain profit margin (Balakrishnan et al. 2014). Cost Base Transfer Price: When the upstream departments charged only the cost of processing as the transfer price, the price is referred as cost base transfer price. In this pricing system, the last department uses to add the profit margin on the total manufacturing cost and sell the product accordingly. In this system, the intermediate departments cannot generate any operating profit (DRURY 2013). Market Rate Transfer Price: Market base pricing method is the most commonly used transfer pricing method. In this method, the transfer price is charged on the basis of the market price of the processed products. Though, it is widely used by various companies, in many cases, it becomes very difficult to get the proper market price of the processed product for every department (Seuring and Goldbach 2013). Adjusted Market Rate Transfer Price: This pricing method is a modified form of market rate transfer pricing. In this system, the companies use to compute the transfer price by adjusting the market rate according its policies and other factors. Negotiated Transfer Price: Sometimes, the departments use to decide the transfer price through negotiation with other departments. Such price is stated as negotiated transfer price (Otley and Emmanuel 2013). Reasons for Different Price Bases: Different companies use to adopt different transfer pricing methods. The selection of the proper method depends on the various aspects. Cost base method is used for simplicity and determining the accurate cost of the final product. The cost plus method is applied to allocate the total profit at different level of productions and to motivate the different individual departments. The management considers the market rates for transfer pricing to allocate the sub units at its original market price so that the cost of the final unit will be calculated according to its market rate automatically. Market rate of any product includes various risk related costs, like bad debts, insurance for damage etc. Such expenses are not applicable for transferring the sub units into another department of the company. Hence, adjusted market rate method is adopted to eliminate such expenses and apply more accurate market rate as transfer price. Negotiated pricing method is used to introduce such a price, which is acceptable by both the upstream and downstream departments and the departments should be benefitted equally (Warren et al. 2013). Purpose of Transfer Prices: As discussed above, transfer price is used for several purposes. The purposes are discussed in detail below: If the different processing units of a company are situated under different tax jurisdiction, then transfer pricing method can help the organization to calculate taxes under different tax rates more accurately. Moreover, if the selling department falls under higher tax zone, then company has to pay higher tax on the sale of the product. In that case, if the profits are distributed into different departments in different lower tax zones, then the company can pay lower tax amount (Weygandt et al. 2015). It helps the management to decide whether the sub units should be transfer to the next department or can be sold outside for higher profit margin. The management can also decide whether the sub units should be transferred from the previous department or should be bought from outside to lower the expenses. The departmental operating profit margins work as an additional motivator for the departmental staffs and managers. It can also be used as performance measurement tool to measure the efficiency level of the individual departments (Horngren et al. 2013). The transfer price, determined under cost-base transfer pricing method is very simple to calculate. However, it cannot be used for divisional performance measurement. If the transfer price is based on the cost of processing, then it cannot reflect the fair value of the transferred item. The fair value can only be determined if the cost of processing is compared with the market rate of the sub unit. Then the management can determine whether the actual processing cost is higher or it is equivalent to existing market rate (Melnyk et al. 2014). Hence, if market rate, adjusted market rate or negotiated pricing methods are used then the upstream division has to deliver the unit within the price fixed, by the management. In that case, if it incur loss or cannot achieve the budgeted profit, then the performance can be considered as poor and if it deliver the product at higher profit than the estimated profit then the performance will be treated as favorable (Fullerton et al. 2014). Moreover, the downstream department also has to receive the product at the stipulated rate and maintain its divisional operating profit at appropriate level. If it fails to achieve the targeted profit, then it will be treated as under-performed division. Calculation of Contribution Margin:- Cleaning Scraping Division Processing Division Particulars Amount Amount Selling Price p.u. 95 160 Less: Variable Costs p.u. Transfer Price -95 Direct Material -18 -5 Direct Labor -12 -10 Manufacturing Overheads -30 -10 Contribution Margin p.u. 35 40 The company should fix the negotiated transfer price at such a range, where both the units can generate equal operating margin. For the cost-base transfer price, the cleaning scraping division can earn only 9% operating margin, whereas, the processing division is getting 27% operating profit margin. If market rate is applied then the upstream division will get 26% profit margin, but the operating margin of other division will fall to 16%. In such scenario, the negotiated price should be fixed at $87.75, where both the division can generate 20% operating profit margin (Ward 2012). The calculations are shown below: Cost-Base Transfer Market-Base Transfer Negotiated Transfer Particulars Amount Amount Amount Cleaning Scraping Division: Revenue per unit 77 95 87.75 Direct Material -18 -18 -18 Direct Labor -12 -12 -12 Manufacturing Overhead: Fixed - 25% -10 -10 -10 Variable - 75% -30 -30 -30 Divisional Operating Profit 7 25 17.75 Operating Profit Margin 9% 26% 20% Processing Division: Revenue 160 160 160 Transfer Cost -77 -95 -87.75 Direct Material -5 -5 -5 Direct Labor -10 -10 -10 Manufacturing Overhead: Fixed - 60% -15 -15 -15 Variable - 40% -10 -10 -10 Divisional Operating Profit 43 25 32.25 Operating Profit Margin 27% 16% 20% Total Operating Profit 50 50 50 The lowest transfer price, acceptable by the cleaning scraping division, will be the total cost p.u. of Cruden, i.e., $70, where, the division will not earn any profit or incur any loss. It is the cost base transfer price of Cruden However, it will not be acceptable by the managers of the division. They will prefer to transfer the product at cost plus transfer price with a minimum profit margin (Rothaermel 2015). References: Balakrishnan, R., Labro, E. and Soderstrom, N.S., 2014. Cost structure and sticky costs.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.91-116 DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2014. Lean manufacturing and firm performance: The incremental contribution of lean management accounting practices.Journal of Operations Management,32(7), pp.414-428 Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning Melnyk, S.A., Bititci, U., Platts, K., Tobias, J. and Andersen, B., 2014. Is performance measurement and management fit for the future?.Management Accounting Research,25(2), pp.173-186 Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013.Readings in accounting for management control. Springer Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Seuring, S. and Goldbach, M. eds., 2013.Cost management in supply chains. Springer Science Business Media Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons

Human Motivation Learning Future Career

Question: Discuss about the Human Motivation Learning for Future Career. Answer: Introduction The planning of career is important for the students. They need to decide their career goals so that they can find ways for fulfilling the same. It is important to determine the self qualities and values of a student so that he can work on their own weakness (Entwistle Ramsden, 2015). This would help them to achieve their career goals. This report would describe the self reflection as well as career action plan. The critical reflection would discuss various attributes of individuals, values, strengths, career influences and its subsequent impact on the career action plan. The career action plan is also formulated that consist of the goals (short term and medium term) and realistic goals for achieving them. The barriers for achieving the goals and the probable solutions are also discussed. This paper provides important analysis regarding the self capabilities and the goal setting issues that is usually faced by the students. Critical Reflection I have identified my strengths with the help of SWOT analysis. I am flexible and adaptable. This helps me to adjust to any situation. In professional environment, it is essential to be flexible so that the employee can face any adverse situation. I am quite approachable as I believe in maintaining a friendly attitude. I can be contacted by my supervisors or my subordinates whenever they feel the need for doing so. I maintain a positive attitude towards life which makes me to eliminate all the negative thoughts in the surrounding. I am also self-motivated which makes me to perform the job tasks in a better way. I am also a good team player, which makes me to work efficiently within a professional environment (where is presence of teams). My values include my personal core values which are a result of my choice and behavior. I am truthful and always act in an honest manner. I am consistent in my endeavor towards success. I do not believe in hypocrisy and I strive to act better in a constant manner. I am creative and find new ways to do the regular jobs. I take extra initiatives to do my job tasks in an efficient manner. These values would help me in handling tricky questions during the interview process (Seidman, 2013). My skills as well as abilities would help me to get suitable job opportunities and excel in them (Cottrell, 2013). I have sound subject knowledge and I am proficient in computers. I have advanced knowledge in various computer applications which would help me to perform a wide variety of tasks. I have also good communication skills that would help me in my professional work environment. I also have good academic grades which would help me in securing a good job (Cottrell, 2013). My values, strengths or skills would help me in the formulation of career action plan (Stringer, 2013). If I am aware of my own strengths and values then I am able to plan my short term as well as long term goals. It would also help me to determine my future career aspirations. For example, if I possess good communication skills then I am able to take up the career of a professor. It would also help me to formulate the realistic steps for achieving my career ambition (Stringer, 2013). This self-analysis would help me to understand my own capability in a better way. Career action plan It is important to determine the short term and medium term goals of myself (Hofmann, Schmeichel Baddeley, 2012). The long term goals can be achieved only if they are broken down into short goals. The short goals can be achieved easily by a focused approach and segregation of the tasks. It is important to set the study goals as well as career goals (Hofmann, Schmeichel Baddeley, 2012). Short term goals The short term goals would usually range from present day to two years from now. It should start by identification of the immediate goals (Weiner, 2013). The immediate goals in the study mode would include- finishing the undergraduate degree with excellence. The immediate goals of the career mode would be the enhancement of the job related skills and expertise so that I can get a good job in the campus placements. Once the goal has been fixed then the necessary steps to fulfill the goals needs to be taken. This step needs to be followed by the creation of timeline (Kotlar De Massis, 2013). This step involves the segregation of the tasks into small chunks so that they can be managed well (Weiner, 2013). For study goals and career goals, the following timeline would give an idea of the major tasks to be achieved Fig: Timeline for Study Goals Source: Created by author Fig: Timeline for Career Goals Source: Created by author Medium term goals The medium term goals should include the goals that need to be achieved in between two years and five years (Von Culin, Tsukayama Duckworth, 2014). The goal can be less specific in this stage and focus on the broader perspective. For the career goals, my medium term goal is to work better and constantly give effective performance so that I can be promoted to the supervisor role. I also want to pursue a specialized degree in the human resource so that I can develop my career in an effective manner. This would also make be able to develop my professional network in my own industry (Von Culin, Tsukayama Duckworth, 2014). My medium term goals for study would include setting up time to pursue any necessary courses that would help me in the career ambitions (Seibert, Kraimer Heslin, 2016). There should also be proper planning of the cost of tuition as well any cost of relocation. The contacts should also be reinforced from time to time. The necessary factors should also be considered such as deadlines of applications, mandatory years of study and others (Seibert, Kraimer Heslin, 2016). Barriers and Solutions There can be several obstacles in the path of the achievement of the goals. The barriers provide an obstacle for the fulfillment of the goals (Lent Brown, 2013). It is essential to identify the blockages that prevent the students to achieve their study goals as well as career goals (Keller, 2016). The identified barriers should be provided with innovative solutions. The following list provides a list of identified barriers along with probable solutions- Low motivation- There is instances when I may suffer from lack of motivation and I may not be able to give optimum performance towards the achievement of success. I may feel low self confidence which would not motivate me to work towards my success. This can be best avoided by realizing the true potential of me by consulting with seniors (Lent Brown, 2013). I can also watch motivational videos or motivational quotes from leaders. Fear of rejection- I may feel that I would not be able to complete my academic course or I may not be able to get a lucrative job. The fear of failure or the fear of rejection at the interviews may make me deviate from my goals and I may not be able to fulfill my goals (London, 2014). This can be avoided by constant dedication towards the goals and maintaining a positive outlook towards life (London, 2014). Poor time management- There may be instances when I am overburdened with work which would make me unable to focus on my goals. I may not be able to give sufficient time to the individual tasks required for the achievement of my goals (London, 2014). This can be avoided by the formulation of proper schedules after the determination of my goals (London, 2014). A time tracking software can also be used which would help me to focus on my goals (Lent Brown, 2013). Inability to identify lucrative opportunity- There may be instances when I would be unable to identify the lucrative career opportunities. There can be psychological barriers which would prevent me from identifying prospective opportunities beneficial for my career (London, 2014). This may be avoided by creating an effective professional network and expanding the contact list so that I can be aware of the potential opportunities. I should also be active in the online job portals so that I can be aware of the potential job opportunities (London, 2014). Conclusion It is important to determine my personal skills as well as expertise for excelling in my professional life as well as academic life. It is important to formulate the short term goals as well as medium term goals for the purpose of achieving my long term career goal. The identification of my strengths is essential for determining the probable career options. This report also identified the possible barriers in the process of the achievement of goals and the innovative methods to solve the same. This report would help me in my professional life and achieve my academic goals as well as career goals. References Cottrell, S. (2013).The study skills handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. Entwistle, N., Ramsden, P. (2015).Understanding Student Learning (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation.Trends in cognitive sciences,16(3), 174-180. Keller, J. M. (2016). Motivation, Learning, and Technology: Applying the ARCS-V Motivation Model. Kotlar, J., De Massis, A. (2013). Goal setting in family firms: Goal diversity, social interactions, and collective commitment to familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ centered goals.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,37(6), 1263-1288. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span.Journal of counseling psychology,60(4), 557. London, M. (2014).Career barriers: How people experience, overcome, and avoid failure. Psychology Press. Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., Heslin, P. A. (2016). Developing career resilience and adaptability.Organizational Dynamics. Seidman, I. (2013).Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press. Stringer, E. T. (2013).Action research. Sage Publications. Von Culin, K. R., Tsukayama, E., Duckworth, A. L. (2014). Unpacking grit: Motivational correlates of perseverance and passion for long-term goals.The Journal of Positive Psychology,9(4), 306-312. Weiner, B. (2013).Human motivation. Psychology Press.